英美文学.docx

英美文学.docx

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英美文学

LectureFive教案首页

学生专业班级

英语专业大三机电、商贸、土木、船舶等方向学生

学时数

2

教学目的

了解英国殖民扩张时期的冒险小说和讽刺小说

教学内容

1．介绍笛福生平，讲解《鲁宾逊漂流记》第四章关于小说主人公独自登上孤岛时的感受，观看《鲁宾逊漂流记》电影片段。

2．介绍斯威夫特，讲解《格列佛游记》第七章关于慧马国里的野胡的描述，观看动画电影《格列佛游记》在小人国的历险。

教学重点

1．鲁宾逊以顽强的毅力和决心，在孤岛上解决一切困难，为自己创造文明生活条件。

2．斯威夫特通过对慧马的理智与高贵的赞美和对野胡的贪婪与鄙陋的讽刺来鞭挞英国政治和社会，嘲讽人性的弱点。

教学难点

斯威夫特小说幻想与现实的统一与对西方社会和人性弱点的讽刺批判

教学进程

1．一学时介绍笛福生平，讲解《鲁宾逊漂流记》第四章关于小说主人公独自登上孤岛时的感受，观看《鲁宾逊漂流记》电影片段。

2．一学时介绍斯威夫特，讲解《格列佛游记》第七章关于慧马国里的野胡的描述，观看动画电影《格列佛游记》在小人国的历险。

教学方法

课堂讲解，电影片段观看，讨论

教具

多媒体

课后总结

1．敬佩鲁宾逊在孤岛独自生存的顽强毅力，批判他教化奴隶的帝国主义思想。

2．斯威夫特借慧马对人类的评价讽刺堕落贪婪的人类

作业

斯威夫特是如何通过对慧马的赞美和对野胡的讽刺来批判西方社会的？

备注：

教学进程一栏可根据教学内容的多少自定页数。

LectureFive

PartOneDanielDefoe（1660-1731）

第页

I.IntroductiontoDanielDefoe

Englishnovelist,pamphleteer,andjournalist,authorofRobinsonCrusoe（1719）,astoryofamanshipwreckedaloneonanisland.DefoeisconsideredthefounderoftheEnglishnovel.Beforehistimestorieswereusuallywrittenaslongpoemsordramas.Heproducedsome200worksofnonfictionproseinadditiontoclose2000shortessaysinperiodicalpublications,severalofwhichhealsoedited.

DefoewasborninStrokeNewington.HestudiedatCharlesMorton'sAcademy,London.AlthoughhisNonconformistfatherintendedhimfortheministry,Defoeplungedintopoliticsandtrade,travellingextensivelyinEurope.

Intheearly1680sDefoewasacommissionmerchant（代理商）inCornhillbutwentbankruptin1691.

In1702DefoewrotehisfamouspamphletTheShortest-WaywiththeDissenters《与意见不同者们打交道的捷径》.HewasarrestedinMay1703.WhileinprisonDefoewroteamockode,HymntothePillory《示众赞歌》（1703）.Thepoemwassoldinthestreets,theaudiencedranktohishealthwhilehestoodinthepilloryandreadaloudhisverses.

Defoewasoneofthefirsttowritestoriesaboutbelievablecharactersinrealisticsituationsusingsimpleprose.HeachievedliteraryimmortalitywheninApril1719hepublishedRobinsonCrusoe,whichwasbasedpartlyonthememoirsofvoyagersandcastaways.However,atfirstDefoehadtroublesinfindingapublisherforthebookandeventuallyreceived£10forthemanuscript.Employingafirst-personnarratorandapparentlygenuinejournalentries,Defoecreatedarealisticframeforthenovel,whichdistinguisheditfromitspredecessors.Theaccountofashipwreckedsailorwasacommentbothonthehumanneedforsocietyandtheequallypowerfulimpulseforsolitude.Butitalsoofferedadreamofbuildingaprivatekingdom,aself-madeUtopia,andbeingcompletelyself-sufficient.Bygivingavividrealitytoathemewithlargemythicimplications,thestoryhassinceattractedgenerationsofreadersaswellasauthors.

Duringtheremainingyears,Defoeconcentratedonbooksratherthanpamphlets.Attheageof62hepublishedMollFlanders《摩尔•弗兰德斯》（1722）.Hislastgreatworkoffiction,Roxana《罗克萨娜》,appearedin1724.Defoe'schoiceofafemaleprotagonistinMollFlandersreflectedhisinterestinthefemaleexperience.MollisborninNewgate,wherehermotherisundersentenceofdeathfortheft.Hersentenceiscommuted（减刑）totransportationtoVirginia.Theabandonedchildiseducatedbyagentlewoman.Mollsuffersromanticdisillusionmentwhensheisruinedatthehandsofacynicalmaleseducer,shebecomesawhoreandathief,butfinallyshegainsthestatusofagentlewomanthroughthespoilsofasuccessfulcolonialplantation.

Hediedon26April,1731.

II.IntroductiontoRobinsonCrusoe

RobinsonCrusoeisanovelfirstpublishedin1719andsometimesregardedasthefirstnovelinEnglish.Thebookisafictionalautobiographyofthetitlecharacter,anEnglishcastawaywhospends28yearsonaremoteisland,encounteringsavages,captives,andmutineersbeforebeingrescued.

CrusoeleavesEnglandonaseavoyageinSeptember1651againstthewishesofhisparents.TheshipistakenoverbySalèpiratesandCrusoebecomestheslaveofaMoor.HemanagestoescapewithaboatandisbefriendedbytheCaptainofaPortugueseshipoffthewesterncoastofAfrica.TheshipisenroutetoBrazil.TherewiththehelpoftheCaptain,Crusoebecomesownerofaplantation.

HejoinsanexpeditiontobringslavesfromAfrica,butheisshipwreckedinastormaboutfortymilesouttoseaonanislandnearthemouthoftheOrinocoriveronSeptember30,1659.Hiscompanionsalldie;hemanagestofetcharms,toolsandothersuppliesfromtheshipbeforeitbreaksapartandsinks.Heproceedstobuildafenced-inhabitationandcave,keepsacalendarbymakingmarksinapieceofwood.Hehunts,growscorn,learnstomakepottery,raisesgoats,etc.HereadstheBibleandslowlybecomesreligious,thankingGodforhisfateinwhichnothingismissingbutsociety.

Hediscoversnativecannibalsoccasionallyvisittheislandtokillandeatprisoners.Atfirstheplanstokillthesavagesfortheirabomination,butthenherealizesthathehasnorighttodosoasthecannibalshavenotattackedhimanddonotknowinglycommitacrime.Hedreamsofcapturingoneortwoservantsbyfreeingsomeprisoners,andindeed,whenaprisonermanagestoescape,Crusoehelpshim,naminghisnewcompanion"Friday"afterthedayoftheweekheappeared,andteacheshimEnglishandconvertshimtoChristianity.（Inthosedays,British-andDutch-whitesoftencalledcolouredservantsandslaves"Thursday","Friday","January"etc.）

Afteranotherpartyofnativesarrivetopartakeinagrislyfeast,CrusoeandFridaymanagetokillmostofthenativesandsavetwooftheprisoners.OneisFriday'sfatherandtheotherisaSpaniard,whoinformsCrusoethatthereareotherSpaniardsshipwreckedonthemainland.AplanisdevisedwheretheSpaniardwouldreturnwithFriday'sfathertothemainlandandbringbacktheothers,buildaship,andsailtoaSpanishport.

BeforetheSpaniardsreturn,anEnglishshipappears;mutineershavetakencontroloftheshipandintendtomaroontheirformercaptainontheisland.ThecaptainandCrusoemanagetoretaketheship.TheyleaveforEngland,leavingbehindthreeofthemutineerstofendforthemselvesandinformtheSpaniardswhathappened.CrusoeleavestheislandonDecember19,1686.HetravelstoPortugaltofindhisoldfriend,theCaptain,whoinformshimthathisBrazilianplantationwaswellcaredforandhehasbecomewealthy.FromPortugal,hetravelsoverlandtoEngland,toavoidmishapsatsea,viaSpainandFrance;duringwinterinthePyrenees,heandhiscompanionshavetofendoffanattackbyviciouswolves.BackinEngland,hedecidestosellhisplantation.Laterinlife,aftermarrying,havingthreechildrenandbecomingwidowed,hereturnstohisislandforalasttime.Thebookendswithahintaboutasequelthatwoulddetailhisreturntotheisland,whichhadbeendiscovered.

Interpretations

NovelistJamesJoyceeloquentlynotedthatthetruesymboloftheBritishconquestisRobinsonCrusoe:

"HeisthetrueprototypeoftheBritishcolonist…ThewholeAnglo-SaxonspiritisinCrusoe:

themanlyindependence,theunconsciouscruelty,thepersistence,theslowyetefficientintelligence,thesexualapathy,thecalculatingtaciturnity".

AccordingtoJ.P.Hunter,Robinsonisnotahero,butaneveryman.Hebeginsasawanderer,aimlessonaseahedoesnotunderstand;heendsasapilgrim,crossingafinalmountaintoenterthepromisedland.ThebooktellsthestoryofhowRobinsongetsclosertoGod,notthroughlisteningtosermonsinachurchbutthroughspendingtimealoneamongstnaturewithonlyaBibletoread.ThisviewwasnotwelcomedbytheestablishedAnglicanchurchofthetime,whichthoughtthemessageinthebookwasanarchicandclosetoheresy.Defoe'sviewsarereflectedinthoseofChristiananarchism.

Culturalinfluences

Thebookprovedsopopularthatthenamesofthetwomainprotagonistshaveenteredthelanguage.Theterm"RobinsonCrusoe"isvirtuallysynonymouswiththeword"castaway"andisoftenusedasametaphorforbeingordoingsomethingalone.RobinsonCrusoeusuallyreferredtohisservantas"mymanFriday",fromwhichtheterm"ManFriday"（or"GirlFriday"）originated,referringtoapersonalassistant,servant,orcompanion.

InJean-JacquesRousseau’s'streatiseoneducation,Emile:

Or,OnEducation,themaincharacter,Emile,isallowedtoreadbeforetheageoftwelveisRobinsonCrusoe.RousseauwantsEmiletoidentifyhimselfasCrusoe,requiredtorelyuponhimselfforallofhisneeds.InRousseau'sview,EmileneedstoimitateCrusoe'sexperience,allowingnecessitytodeterminewhatistobelearnedandaccomplished.ThisisoneofthemainthemesofRousseau'seducationalmodel.

III.SelectReading

RobinsonCrusoe

Mythoughtswerenowwhollyemployedaboutsecuringmyselfagainsteithersavages,ifanyshouldappear,orwildbeasts,ifanywereintheisland;andIhadmanythoughtsofthemethodhowtodothis,andwhatkindofdwellingtomake-whetherIshouldmakemeacaveintheearth,oratentupontheearth;and,inshort,Iresolveduponboth;themanneranddescriptionofwhich,itmaynotbeimpropertogiveanaccountof.

IsoonfoundtheplaceIwasinwasnotfitformysettlement,becauseitwasuponalow,moorishground,nearthesea,andIbelieveditwouldnotbewholesome,andmoreparticularlybecausetherewasnofreshwaternearit;soIresolvedtofindamorehealthyandmoreconvenientspotofground.

Iconsultedseveralthingsinmysituation,whichIfoundwouldheproperforme:

1st,healthandfreshwater,Ijustnowmentioned;2ndly,shelterfromtheheatofthesun;3rdly,securityfromravenouscreatures,whethermanorbeast;4thly,aviewtothesea,thatifGodsentanyshipinsight,Imightnotloseanyadvantageformydeliverance,ofwhichIwasnotwillingtobanishallmyexpectat