美国文学.docx
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美国文学.docx
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美国文学
美国历史上的诺贝尔文学奖获得者:
SinclairLewis辛克莱·路易斯
EugeneO’Neil尤金·奥尼尔
PearlS.Buck赛珍珠
WilliamFaulkner威廉·福克纳
ErnestHemingway厄内斯特·海明威
JohnSteinbeck约翰·史坦贝克
SaulBellow索尔·贝娄
IsaacBashevisSinger以撒·巴什维斯·辛格
GeraldWilliamGordon格拉尔德·威廉姆·高登
ToniMorrison托尼·莫里森
著名作家与重要作品配对:
1.WilliamBradford威廉·布拉德福德:
OfPlymouthplantation《普利茅斯种植园史》
2.BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林:
PoorRichard’sAlmanac《穷查理德历书》
3.JamesFennimoreCooper詹姆斯·菲尼莫·库伯:
Leather-stockingTales《皮袜子故事集》
ThePioneer《拓荒者》
4.RalphEmerson拉夫·艾默生
Nature《论自然》
Self-Reliance《论自立》
5.HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗
Walden《瓦尔登湖》
6.Hawthorne霍桑
TheScarletLetter《红字》
TheHouseofSevenGables《带七个尖角阁的房子》
7.HermanMelville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
Moby-Dick《白鲸》
小船、格斗、艾迪·比克、裵伦德哈号、亚哈船长
8.HenryJames亨利·詹姆斯
TheAmerican《美国人》
克里斯托弗·纽曼美国商人英国旅游
DaisyMiller《黛茜·米勒》
维特·伯恩意大利瑞士轻浮遭人反感
ThePortraitofaLady《贵夫人的画像》
伊莎贝尔·阿切尔梅尔夫人遗产情妇阴谋
TheAmbassadors《奉使记》
TheGoldenBowl《金碗》
麦琪丈夫与继母乱伦
8.WilliamDeanHowells威廉姆·迪恩·豪威尔斯
TheRiseofSilasLapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》
9.MarkTwain马克·吐温
TheAdventuresofTomSawyer《汤姆·索耶尔历险记》
TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
10.JackLondon杰克·伦敦
TheCalloftheWild《野性的呼唤》
主人公狗巴克阿里斯加约翰·桑顿进入荒野狼群
TheSeaWolf《海狼》
WhiteFang《白牙》
11.StephenCrane斯蒂芬·克莱恩
Maggie:
AGirloftheStreet《街头女郎麦琪》
12.EzraPound埃兹拉·庞德
TheCantos《诗章》
13.T.S.Eliot艾略特
TheWasteLand《荒原》
14.WilliamCarlosWilliams威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯
Paterson《佩特森》
15.F.ScottFitzgerald菲兹杰拉德
TheGreatGatsby《了不起的盖茨比》
16.ErnestHemingway海明威
TheSunalsoRises《太阳照常升起》
TheOldManandtheSea《老人与海》
17.SinclairLewis辛格来·刘易斯
MainStreet《大街》
卡罗尔跟随医生丈夫来到明基苏达戈镇,她希望通过读书、艺术表演改变沉闷的小镇,但是丈夫及人们不以为然。
他却美好希望破灭,决心离开小镇前往华盛顿工作,但最终妥协。
Babbitt《巴比特》
房产商乔治,巴比特事业有成但生活不幸福,希望离经叛道但最终妥协。
抨击美国中产阶级生活。
Arrowsmith《阿罗史密斯》
马丁阿罗史密斯医生上学工作的故事,以加勒比岛屿上面临瘟疫爆发结束。
18.WillaCather薇拉·凯瑟
MyAntonia《我的安东尼亚》
安东尼亚是波西米亚家庭西门达斯一家的长女。
吉姆在父母死后来寻祖母,与安东尼亚一家同程一趟火车。
后爱上安东尼亚,在有情及亲情之间徘徊。
19.J.D.Salinger塞林格
TheCatcherintheRye《麦田的守望着》
20.ToniMorrison托妮·莫里森
Beloved《宠儿》
名词解释:
1.FREEVERSE(自由诗):
Freeverseispoetrythathasanirregularrhythmandlinelengthandthatattemptstoavoidanypredeterminedversestructure;instead,itusesthecadences(节奏)ofnaturalspeech.Whilestricterverseformsalternatesstressedandunstressedsyllables(严格诗体重读与非重读的交替),freeversedosesoinalooserway.Itisarrangedrhythmically,tightened,andloosenedbythepoet.AlthoughfreeversehasbeenusedbeforeWhitman(惠特曼),itwasWhitmanwhopioneered(先驱)theformandmadeitacceptableinAmericanpoetry.IthassincebeenusedbyEzraPound(庞德),T.S.Eliot(艾略特)andotherAmericanpoetsofthe20thcentury.
2.BLACKHUMOR(黑色幽默):
Blackhumorisdrama,novel,andfilm,grotesque(奇异故事)ormorbidhumor(病态的幽默)usedtoexpresstheabsurdity(荒谬),insensitivity(麻木),paradox(矛盾),andcrueltyofthemodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggerated(放大)farbeyondthelimitsofnormalsatire(讽刺).Blackhumorusesdevicesoftenassociatedwithtragedyandissometimesequated(等同于)tragicfarce(悲剧性的闹剧).ThenovelsofsuchwritersasJohnBarth(巴斯),JosephHeller(海勒)containelementsofblackhumor.
3.AMERIACANROMANTICISM(美国浪漫主义):
Romanticismreferstoanartistic(艺术性)andintellectual(思想性)movementoriginatedinEuropeinthelate18thcenturyandcharacterizedbyaheightened(强调的)interestsinnature,emphasisontheindividual'sexpressionofemotion,anddeparture(相分离)fromtheattitudeandformsofclassicism.TheromanticperiodinAmericanliteraturestretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItwasAmerica'sfirstgreatcreativeperiod.Americanromanticismhasitsowndistinctfeatures.Firstly,itwasinessence(本质上是)theexpressionof"arealnewexperience(全新的经历)"andcontained"analienquality(异国的气质)".Second,Puritan(清教)influenceoverAmericanromanticismwasconspicuously(显著)noticeable.TherepresentativewritersareHawthorne(霍桑),Simms(西姆斯),Poe(爱伦坡),Dickinson(狄金森),andWhitman(惠特曼).
4.POINTOFVIEW(视角):
Itistherelationshipofthenarrator(叙述者)tothestory(与故事之间的关系),whichwasputforwardbyHenryJames.Astoryhasafirst-personpointofviewifoneofthecharacters,refertoas"I",tellthestory.Astoryhasalimitedthird-personpointofview(有限的第三人称视角)ifthenarratorreveals(反映)thethoughtsofonlyonecharacterbutreferstothatcharacteras"he"or"she".Anarratorwhotellsthethoughtsofallthecharactersandwhotellthingsthatnoonecharactercouldknow(不是任何一个人物可以了解的)usestheomniscient(all-knowing)pointofview(全知视角).
5.IMAGISM(意象主义):
Imagismwasamovementinearly20thcenturyAnglo-Americanpoetrythatfavoredprecision(准确性)ofimagery(意象),andclearlanguage.TheImagistsrejectedthesentiment(情感)andartifice(技巧).ThethreemaincharactersofImagismwasdirectnessofpresentation(表述的直观性),andeconomyoflanguage,aswellasawillingnesstoexperimentwithnon-traditionalverseforms.ThemovementImagismwasbegunbyEzraPound(庞德).Insteadofhavingthepoettelluswhatweshouldbefeeling,heandhiscolleagueswantedanimagetoproduceemotion(由意象产生感情),to"speakforitself".Inastationofmetro(在地铁站)ofPoundwasarepresentativeworkofImagism.
6.TRANSCENDENTALISM(超验主义):
Transcendentalismwasliterature,philosophicalandliterary(艺术的)movementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.ThebelievethatGodisimmanent(内在的)ineachpersonandinnature,andthatindividualintuition(个人直觉)isthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-reliance(自立),andrejectionoftraditionalauthority(权威).Itderived(衍生)someofitsbasicconceptfromromanticGermanphilosophy,andfromeachEnglishauthorsasColeridge(柯勒律治)andWordsworth(沃兹华斯),anditwaspartlyinfluencedbyIndiaandChinesereligiousteachings.Emerson'sessaysasNatureandSelf-reliance,andWalden(《瓦尔登湖》)ofThoreau(梭罗)expressedTranscendentalismgreatly.
7.THEABSURD(荒诞派):
Itisatermderived(衍生)fromtheexistentialism,andoftenappliedtothemodernsenseofhumanpurposelessness(人们没有目标的生活状态)withoutmeaningorvalue.Many20th-centurewritershavestressedtheabsurdnatureofhumanexistence(人类生存的荒谬性):
notableinstancesarethenovelsofKafka(卡夫卡),inwhichthecharactersfacealarmingly(恼人的)incomprehensible(不可理喻的)predicaments(困境).
简答:
1.HARLEMRENAISSANCE(哈莱姆文艺复兴):
Definition:
HarlemRenaissancereferstoafloweringofAfrican-Americanliteratureandartinthe1920s,mainlyintheHarlemdistrictofNewYork.
Reason:
DuringthemassmigrationofAfricanAmericansfromtheruralagriculturalSouthtotheurbanindustrialNorth,manywhocametoNewYorkandsettledinHarlem.Meanwhile,SouthernblackmusiciansbroughtjazzwiththemtoHarlem.Theareasoonbecamealiteraryandartisticcenter.BecauseofthatmanywritersandartistsbegantoproduceawidevarietyoffineandhighlyoriginalworksdealingwithAfrican-Americanlife.
Representativewriters:
LangstonHughes(兰斯顿·休斯),CounteeCullen(康梯·卡伦).
Influence:
attractedmanyblackreaders,commercialpublishers,andwhitereadersalso.
End:
TheHarlemRenaissancefadedwiththeonsetoftheGreatDepression.
2.AmericanDream(美国梦):
Content:
ItisthefaithheldbymanyintheU.S.thatthroughhardwork,courage(勤俭),anddetermination(坚定的决心)onecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewereheldbymanyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedonsubsequentgenerations.Nowadays,ithasledtoanemphasisonmaterialwealth.
Beginning:
ItstartedfromthePioneerSpiritoftheearliestsettlersofAmerican.Inthe18thand19thcentury,Europeancountriesstillcontrolledbyfeudalforces,andthesettlersoftheU.S.areusuallywithinferiorstatus.Thus,achievingqualitywasthefirstcontentofAmericanDream.
Representativeworks:
TheGrapesofWrathJohnSteinbeckADofPioneerSpirit
TheScarletLetterHawthorneADofdemocracy
PoorBoyConnecticutHoratioAlgerADofbeingrich
TheGreatGatsbyFitzgeraldEND
破灭:
TheBeatGenerationstartedsimplifiedADasseekingformoney,whichcausedthelossofthespiritsthatbeinghardworkingandcourage,sincetheyfoundthatfinancialprosperitymaybechangedthroughworking,thesocialstatues,however,wouldbestill.Withtheinflationandthegapbetweenrichandpoorbecomingwider,ADisnotconvincedbypeople.
3.EmilyDickinson艾米丽·狄金思的写作风格:
Dickinson:
OneofthegreatwritersintheTranscendentalismperiod.TogetherwithWhitman,shesupportedtheliteraryIndependenceMovement,abandonedIambicpentameter,andmanagedtocreatenewstructure.
Content:
Mostofherpoetsareshort,andaboutloveanddeathandourrelationshipwithnature.Thechieftension(主要冲突)inherworkcomesfromadifferentsource:
herinabilitytoaccepttheorthodox(正统的、保守的)religiousfaithofherdayandhersearchingforthespiritualcomfort.Shealternatedconfidentstatementofbelief(对信仰的坚定)withlyricsofdespairing(与失望)uncertainty(不确定主题)thatarebothreverent.
Style:
shortnotlambicpentameter
Herversewereinaphoristicstyle(警句风格),andfamousforitsdelicatemetricalvariation(精美的句型变化)andirregularrhythm.
Technique:
Symbolism-------------WildNights《暴风雨夜》
Representativeworks:
MyLifeClosedTwicebeforeitsClose《我的生命已结束过两次》
I’llTellYouHowtheSunRose《我会告诉你太阳是怎样升起的》
小说鉴赏:
TheScarletLetter《红字》:
作者:
NathanialHawthorne(霍桑)
Oneofthefamouswritersofthetranscendentalismperiod,whoseworkscontainelementsofromanticism.Representativeworks:
TheHouseofSevenGables《带七个尖角阁的房子》、TheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》.
Conflicts:
Puritanism&Freedom
Experience&Innocence
Individual&Society
Theme:
Anti-puritanism
主要故事:
Thestorydescribestheillicit(违法的)loveaffairofHesterPrynne(海斯特·白兰)withtheReverend
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