土木专业英文翻译.docx
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土木专业英文翻译.docx
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土木专业英文翻译
外文翻译
Discusstheconstructiontemperatureandcrackoftheconcretelightly
ByG.K.Kululanga,W.Kuotcha,R.McCaffer,Member,ASCE,andF.Edum-Fotwe,TheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers
ThesummaryThroughobservationliveformanyyears,throughconsultingthemonographaboutstresswithintheconcrete,explaintoconcretetemperaturereason,on-the-spotconcretecontrolandmeasure,preventionofcrackoftemperaturethatcrackproduce.
Keyword:
Concrete;Temperaturestress;Crack;Control
1.Theconcreteoccupiestheimportantpositioninmodernengineeringconstruction.Buttoday,thecrackoftheconcreteiscomparativelygeneral,thecracksarenearlyomnipresentinthescienceofbridgebuilding.Thoughwetakevariouskindsofmeasuresinconstructing,careful,butthecrackstilloccursnowandthen.Tracingittoitscause,itisoneofthemincompletelythatourchangetoconcretetemperaturestresspaysattentionto.Inthelargevolumeconcrete,temperaturestressandtemperaturecontrolaresignificant.Thisismainlybecauseofthereasonoftworespects.Firstofall,concreteoftenappearthetemperaturecrackinnotconstructing,influencetheglobalityanddurabilityofthestructure.Secondly,inthecourseofoperating,thetemperaturechangehasremarkableinfluencethatcan'tbeignoredonthestressstateofthestructure.Wemeettoconstructtemperaturecrackinmainly,soonlytoorigincauseofformationandtreatmentmeasure,concreteofcrackmakeadiscussioninconstructingthistext.
Reasonofacrack
Havemanykindsofreasonstoproducethecrackintheconcrete,itismainlythechangesoftemperatureandhumidity,fragilityanddisparityoftheconcrete,andthestructureisunreasonable,therawmaterialsisnotuptostandard(ifthealkaliaggregatereact),thetemplateisoutofshape,thefoundationdoesnotsubsideetc.evenly.Thecementemitsalargeamountofheatofhydrationwhentheconcreteishardenned,insidetemperatureisrisingconstantly,causethestressofdrawingonthesurface.Inthecourseofloweringthetemperature,isitcongealfoundationpayrestraintomixalwayslaterstage,willpresentthestressofdrawingwithintheconcrete.Reducingoftemperaturecansurfacecauseheavystressofdrawingveryinconcretetoo.Whenthesedrawthestressandgobeyondresistingtheabilityofsplittingofconcrete,namelywillpresentthecrack.Alotofinsidehumidityofconcretechangeverylightorchangerelativelyslow,surfacehumiditymightchangeheavytheviolentchangetakesplacing.Suchasmaintainingthoroughly,whengettingwetterwhennotdoing,contractsurfacetherearen'tdeformationdoing,oftencausethecracktoo.Theconcreteisakindoffragilitymaterial,tensilestrengthisabout1/10ofthecompressionstrength,isitcarryonone'sshoulderorbacklimitwhendrawoutofshapetohave*104only,isitcarryonone'sshoulderorbacklimitlocationwhenstretchoutofshapetothereis*104toaddforalongtimetoaddashorttime.Becauserawmaterialseven,waterdustthanunstable,transportandbuildphenomenonofemanatingofcourse,itstensilestrengthisnoteveninthesameconcrete,alotofresisttheabilityofdrawingverylow,itisapttopresenttheweakpositionofthecrack.Amongarmoredconcrete,drawstresstoundertakebyreinforcingbarmainly,concretebearstressofkeepingjust.Orreinforcingbarmixifedgepositiongonetotocongealpresentthestressofdrawinginthestructureinplainconcrete,mustrelyontheconcreteoneselftobear.Requiretoavoidthestressofdrawingoronlyverysmallstressofdrawingappearsofthethegeneraldesign.Buttheconcreteiscooledfrommaximumtemperaturetothesteadytemperatureofoperatingperiodinconstructing,oftencausesizabletodrawthestresswithintheconcrete.Thetemperaturestresscanexceedotheroutsidesandloadthestressescausedsometimes,knowchangelaw,temperatureofstressforcarryonreasonablestructuraldesignandconstructextremelyimportant.Analysisof2temperaturestresses
Canbedividedintofollowingthreestagesaccordingtotheformingprocessofthetemperaturestress:
(1)Itisearly:
Buildconcreteisitisitoverbasicallytosendoutheattocementtobegin,generallyoneonedaybyoneself.Twocharacteristicsatthisstage,first,thecementemitsalargeamountofheatofhydration,second,mixandcongealthechangingsharplyofelasticmodelquantity.Becauseofthechangeofelasticmodelquantity,formtheremainingstressintheconcreteinthisperiod.
(2)Middleperiod:
Uptilltheconcreteiscooleduntilstabilitytemperaturefromcementsendoutheatfunctionbasicallywhenexpiring,inthisperiod,thetemperaturestressismainlybecausethecoolingoftheconcreteandexternaltemperaturechangecause,thesestressesandremnantsstressesthatisformedinearlydaysaresuperposed,mixandcongealtheelasticmouldamountthatgoestoanddoesnotchangemuchduringthisperiod.
(3)Laterperiod:
Operationperiodafterthecompletecoolingofconcrete.Temperaturestresswhetherexternaltemperaturechangecausemainly,thesestressesandfirsttwokindsofremnantsstressesesarechangedandadded.
Canbedividedintotwokindsaccordingtothereasonwhythetemperaturestresscauses:
(1)Spontaneousstress:
Therearenotanyrestraintortotallystaticstructureattheborder,ifinsidetemperatureisnon-lineardistribution,temperaturestressappearingbecausestructurerestrainsfromeachother.Forexample,thebodyofmoundofthebridge,thephysicaldimensionisrelativelylarge,surfacetemperatureislowwhentheconcreteiscooled,insidetemperatureishigh,presentthestressofdrawingonthesurface,presentthestressofpressinginthemiddle.
(2)Restrainthestress:
Allofthestructureonesoritrestrainexternalonesomeborder,can'toutofshapeandstressnotcausenotfree.Suchascaseroofbeamroofconcreteandguardrailconcrete.
Thistwokindsoftemperaturestressesdrawbackstressescausedtoactonwiththedoingofconcretetogetherfrequently.Itisamorecomplicatedjobtowanttoanalysethedistribution,sizeofthetemperaturestressaccuratelyaccordingtoknowntemperature.Incaseofgreatmajority,needtorelyonthemodeltestorthenumbervaluetocalculate.Toisitmaketemperaturestresshavesizablelimptocreepconcrete,atthestressaccountingtemperature,mustconsidertheinfluencethatcreep,calculateconcretlythatnolongerstatesthinlyhere.
Controlandpreventingthemeasureofthecrackof3temperature
Forpreventcrack,lightentemperaturestresscanfromcontroltemperatureandisitisitsetabouttorestraintermsfromtwotoimprove.
Themeasureofcontrollingtemperatureisasfollows:
(1)Isitimproveaggregategrademix,isitdorigidconcretetospend,mixmixturetoadopt,isitguideangrypharmaceuticalorplastificationpharmaceutical,etc.measureinordertoreducecementconsumptionofconcretetoadd;
(2)Addwaterorthewatertocoolthebrokenstoneinordertoreducethetemperatureofbuildingoftheconcretewhilemixingandshuttingtheconcrete;
(3)Reducethethicknessofbuildingwhilebuildingtheconcreteonhotday,utilizeandbuildtheaspecttodispeltheheat;
(4)Burythewaterpipeundergroundintheconcrete,enterthecoldwatertolowerthetemperatureopenly;
(5)Stipulaterationalformremovaltime,thetemperaturekeepswarmthesurfacewhileloweringsuddenly,incasethattherapidtemperaturegradienttakesplaceintheconcretesurface;
(6)Theconcretewithmediumandlong-termandexposedconstructionbuildsapieceofsurfaceorthinwallstructure,takethemeasureofkeepingwarmincoldseason;
Themeasureofimprovingconditionofrestrainingis:
(1)Divideandsewanddivideonerationally;
(2)Preventthefoundationfromrisingandfallingtoobig;
(3)Rationalarrangementconstructionprocess,preventthetoobigdiscrepancyinelevationandsidefromexposingforalongtime;
Inaddition,improvetheperformanceoftheconcreteandimproveandresisttheabilityofsplitting,strengthenmaintenance,preventthesurfacefrombeingdoneandcontracted,especiallyguaranteethequalityoftheconcreteisveryimportanttopreventingthecrack,shouldpayspecialattentiontoavoidingproducingandrunningthroughthecrack,theglobalityresumeditsstructureafterappearingisverydifficult,soshouldrelymainlyonpreventingtheemergenceoftherunningthroughcrackwhileconstructing.
Inconstructionofconcrete,forraiseturnoverrateoftemplate,demandconcreteformremovalassoonaspossiblethatbuildnewlyoften.Shouldconsiderformremovaltimeproperlywhenconcretetemperatureishigherthanthetemperature,soasnottocausethesuperficialearlycrackofconcrete.Buildingtheearlyformremovalnewly,causeverylargestressofdrawingonthesurface,thephenomenonthat"temperatureisassaulted"appears.Buildinitialstageinconcrete,becauseheatofhydrationissentout,thesurfacecausessizabletodrawthestress,surfacetemperatureisalsohigherthantemperatureatthismoment,removethetemplateatthismoment,surfacetemperatureisloweredsuddenly,mustcausetemperaturegradient,thusaddanddrawthestressonthesurface,changeandaddwiththeheatofhydrationstress,inaddition,theconcretedriesandcontracts,thesuperficialstressofdrawingreachesverygreatnumbervalue,havedangerofcausingthecrack,butcoveralight-dutyheatinsulatorwithonthesurfaceintimeafterremovingthetemplate,forinstancefoamsponge,etc.,forpreventconcretesurfacefromproducethetoobigstressofdrawing,haveremarka
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