北京师范大学博士生入学考试英语试题.docx
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北京师范大学博士生入学考试英语试题.docx
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北京师范大学博士生入学考试英语试题
北京师范大学2007年博士生入学考试英语试题
I.ListeningComprehension(15points)
SectionA
Directions:
Therearefivestatementsinthissection.Eachstatementwillbespokenonly'once.Whenyouhearastatement,readthefourchoicesgivenandchoosetheonewhichisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyouhaveheardbymarkingthecorrespondingletterA,B,C,orDontheANSVERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.
1.
A.Heisinadrugstore.
B.Heisatadepartmentstore.
C.Heisathome.
D.Heisathisdoctor'soffice.
2.
A.Imissedin3'trainbecauseyoustoppedme.
B.YoumademeforgetwhatIwassaving
C.YoulookedsodeepinthoughtthatIdidn'twanttobotheryou.
D.Youtoldmenevertointerruptyou.
3.
ASallydrovebackandforthtoworktwicetoday
B.Sallytooklongtimetodoherwork.
C.Sallytookherlunchwithhertowork.
D.Sallyusuallygetstoworkinmuchlesstime.
4.
A.Ifyouauditacourse,youdon'thavetotakethetests.
B.Youhavetotakeatestifyouwanttoaddanothercourse.
C.Ofcourseyouneedtobuysometextbooks.
D.Itisnotnecessarytoorderatextbook.
5.
A.Thespeaker'ssalaryis$250.
B.Thespeaker'ssalaryis$1000.
C.Thespeaker'ssalaryis$1100.
D.Thespeaker'ssalaryis$275.
SectionB
Directions:
Inthissection,youwillhearfiveshortconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.
6.
A.Cleanupherroom
B.Getherreportback.
C.Notwaitforhimpastnoon.
D.Notworryaboutherraincoat.
7.
A.ItwasprobablyMr.Brown'sphonenumberthatthewomanwrotedown.
B.itwasjustanhouragothatthemanmetMr.Brown.
C.Thewomanforgottowritedownthephonenumber.
D.Thewomanneededasheetofpapertoputdownthenumber.
8.
A.Someonewhoisinchargeofhunting.
B.Abossofacompany.
C.Ajob-seekingadvisor.
D.Someonewhoisinchargeoflookingfortalentsforacompany.
9.
A.Thewomanisnotcarefulatallthistime.
B.Nomatterhowcarefulonecanbe,itisnotenough
C.Thewomanismostcarefulthistime.
D.Thewomanhasneverbeencareful.
10.
A.Ton:
stayedinaroomonthesecondfloorforanhour.
B.NobodybutthewomannoticedthatTomwasabsent.
C.Tomwasabsentwhenthediscussionwasheld."~
D.TomstayedinRoom302foranhour.
SectionC
Directions:
Inthissection,youwillhearaninterview.Lookatthefivestatementsforthispartonyourtestpaperanddecideifyouthinkeachstatementistrueorfalsewhileyouarelisteningtotheinterview.Ifyouthinktheansweristrue,markA,ifyouthinktheanswerisfalse,markBonthee\NS\VERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.
11.XiangzhenhaslivedintheUnitedStatessinceshewastenyearsold.
12.InKorea,theAmericangesturefor"come"isused:
ocalldogs.
13.Whentalkingtoanolderpersonorsomeonewithahighersocialposition.
Koreanstraditionallylookattheperson'sfeet.
14.Betweenmalesandfemales,directeyecontactisasignofattraction,
15.AftermanyyearsintheUnitedStates.Xiangzhen'sbodylanguageisstill
completelyKorean.
"'
II.ReadingComprehension(30points)
Directions:
ReadthefollowingpassagescarefullyendthenselectthebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDbymarkingthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.
1
Sincethefirstbrainscannerwasconstructedseveralyearsago,computedtomographyorcomputedmedicalimagery,hasbecomefairlywidelyused.ItsrapidacceptanceisduetothefactthatithasovercomeseveralofthedrawbacksofconventionalX-raytechnology.
Tobeginwith,conventionaltwo-dimensionalX-raypicturescannotshowalloftheinformationcontainedinathree-dimensionalobject.Thingsatdifferentdepthsaresuperimposed,causingconfusiontotheviewer.Computedtomographycangivethree-dimensionalinformation.Thecomputerisabletoreconstructpicturesofthebody'sinteriorbymeasuringthevaryingintensitiesofX-raybeamspassingthroughsectionsofthebodyfromhundredsofdifferentangles.Suchpicturesarebasedonseriesofthin"'slices".
Inaddition,conventionalX-raygenerallydifferentiatesonlybetweenboneandair,asinthechestandlungs.Theycannotdistinguishsofttissuesorvariationsintissues.Theliverandpancreasarenotdiscernibleatall,andcertainotherorgansmaxonlyberenderedvisiblethroughtheuseofradiopaquedye.Sincecomputedtomographyismuchmoresensitive,thesofttissuesofthekidneysorthelivercanbeseenandclearlydifferentiated.ThistechniquecanalsoaccuratelymeasuredifferentdegreesofX-rayabsorption,facilitatingthestudyofthenatureof"tissue.
AthirdproblemwithconventionalX-raymethodsistheirinabilityIomeasurequantitativelytheseparatedensitiesoftheindividualsubstancesthroughwhichtheX-rayhaspassed.Onlythemeanabsorptionofallthetissuesisrecorded.Thisisnotaproblemwithcomputedtomography.Itcanaccuratelylocateatumorandsubsequentlymonitortheprogressofradiationtreatment,sothatinadditiontoitsdiagnosticcapabilities,itcanplayasignificantroleintherapy.
16.ConventionalX-raysmainlyshowthedifferencebetween
A.boneandairB.liverandpancreas
C.muscleandotherbodytissuesD.heartandlungs
17.Whatkindofviewismadepossiblebycontiguouscrosssectionsofthebody?
A.Two-dimensional.B.Three-dimensional.
C.Animated.D.Intensified.
18.Itcanbeinferredformthepassagethat.comparedtoconventionalX-ray
techniques,computedtomographyismore
A.compactB.rapid
C.economicalD.informative
19.whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthisnewtechnique?
A.Cautious.B.Tolerant.
C.Enthusiastic.D.Critical.
20.Accordingtothepassage,computedtomographycanbeusedforallofthe
followingEXCEPT
A.monitoringapatient'sdiseaseB.diagnosingdisorders
C.locatingtumorsD.reconstructingdamagedtissues
Passage2
Becauseearlymanviewedillnessasdivinepunishmentandhealingaspurification,medicineandreligionwereinextricably,linkedforcenturies.Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofourword"pharmacy,"whichcomesfromtheGreekpharmakon,meaning"purificationthroughpurging."
By3500B.C.,theSumeriansintheTigris-Euphratesvalleyhaddevelopedvirtuallyallofourmodernmethodsofadministeringdrugs.Theyusedgarglesinhalations,pills,lotions,ointments,andplasters.Thefirstdrugcatalog,orpharmacopoeia,waswrittenatthattimebyanunknownSumerianphysician.Preservedincuneiformscriptonasingleclay'tabletarethenamesofdozensofdrugstotreatailmentsthatstillafflictustoday.
TheEgyptiansaddedtotheancientmedicinechest.TheEbersPapyrus.ascrolldatingfrom1900B.C.andnamedaftertheGermanEgyptologistGeorgeEbers.revealsthetrial-and-errorknow-howacquiredbyearlyEgyptianphysicians.Torelieveindigestion,achewofpeppermintleavesandcarbonates(knowntoday.Asantacids)wasprescribed,andtonumbthepainoftoothextraction,Egyptiandoctorstemporarilystupefiedapatientwithethylalcohol.
Thescrollalsoprovidesarareglimpseintothehierarchyofancientdrugpreparation.The"'chiefofthepreparersofdrugs"wastheequivalentofaheadpharmacist,whosupervisedthe"'collectorsofdrugs."fieldworkers,whogatheredessentialmineralsandherbs.The"'preparers"aides"(technicians)driedandpulverizedingredients,whichwereblendedaccordingtocertainformulasby'the"'preparers."
Andthe"conservatorofdrugs"oversawthestorehousewherelocalandimportedmineral,herb,andanimal-organingredientswerekept.
BytheseventhcenturyB.C..theGreekshadadoptedasophisticatedmind-bodyviewofmedicine.They-believedthataphysicianmustpursuethediagnosisandtreatmentofthephysicalcausesofdiseasewithinascientificframework,aswellascurethesupernaturalcomponentsinvolved.Thus,theearly,Greekphysicianemphasizedsomethingofaholisticapproachtohealth,evenifthesuspected"mental"causesofdiseasewerenotrecognizedasstressanddepressionbutinterpretedascursesfromdispleaseddeities.
Themoderneraofpharmacologybeganinthesixteenthcentury,usheredinby'thefirstmajordiscoveriesinchemistry.Theunderstandingofhowchemicalsinteracttoproducecertaineffectswithinthebodywouldeventuallyremovemuchoftheguessworkandmagicfrommedicine.
Drugshadbeenlaunchedonascientificcourse,butcenturies"wouldpassbeforesuperstitionwasdisplacedby'scientificfact.Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians.unawareoftheexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens..suchasbacteriaandviruses,continuedtodreamupimaginarycausativeevils.And'thoughnewchemicalcompoundsemerged,theireffectivenessintreatingdiseasewasstillbasedlargelyontrialanderror.
Manystandard,commondrugsinthemedicinechestdevelopedinthis
trial-and-errorenvironment.Suchisthecomplexityofdiseaseandhuman
biochemistrythateventoday,despiteenormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicinechestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.
21.TheauthorcitestheliteraldefinitionoftheGreekwordpharmakoninthefirstparagraphinorderto
A.showthatancientcivilizationhadanadvancedformofmedicalscience
B.pointoutthatman}'of
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