高一定语从句讲解用.docx
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高一定语从句讲解用.docx
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高一定语从句讲解用
定语从句
Theattributiveclauses
定语从句一般都跟在它所修饰的名词后面,所以如果在名词或代词后面出现一个从句,根据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断是否是定语从句。
一、定义
在复合句中,修饰主语句中某一名词或代词的从句,叫定语从句。
定语从句起形容词作用,主句中被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。
如:
LiMingisthefirstboywhoreachedthetopofthemountainthatday.
先行词定语从句
李明是那天第一个登上山顶的孩子。
二、组成结构
定语从句的构成方法是:
先行词+关系代词/关系副词+从句
1.关系代词:
that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;
关系副词:
when,where,why等
2.关系词的功能:
A.引导定语从句;
B.指代前面所修饰的先行词;
C.在定语从句中充当某种相对应的句子成份;
D.在限定性定语从句关系代词作宾语可以省略。
例如:
Theboy(who/that/whom)wesawyesterdaywasmyclassmates.
先行词关系词定语从句
注意:
在定语从句中相应的成份应省去,因为该成份已由关系词充当。
关系词
(引导词)
指代
对象
作用
主语
宾语
定语
表语
状语
关系
代词
that
人/物
√
√
√
which
物
√
√
as
人/物
√
√
√
Who
人
√
Whom
人
√
whose
人/物
√
关系副词
when
时间
√
Where
地点
√
why
原因
√
注意:
当先行词作宾语时可省略,但作主语时决不能省略;例如:
Thegirlwho/thatisreadingEnglishisWeiHua.(指人,作主语,不可省略)
Hereistheman(whom/who/that)youarelookingfor.(指人,作宾语,可省略)
It’sthequestionthat/whichneedscarefulconsideration.(指物,作主语,不可省略)
Thebook(which/that)youlentmeisveryinteresting.(指物,作宾语,可省略)
ThemissingpilotwhosenameisWangWeiisknownasaheroofourcountry.(指人,作定语)
Thechairwhoselegwasbrokenhasbeenrepaired.(指物,作定语)
IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIwenttouniversity.(指时间,作状语)
IhavefoundapeacefulplacewhereIcanstudy.(指地点,作状语)
Thisisreasonwhyhewaslate.(指原因,作状语)
三、定语从句种类
定语从句有两种:
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
两者区别:
1、限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分,主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。
引导限定性定语从句的关系词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as,when,where,why等;
2、非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明,没有这种从句不影响主句意思的完整。
一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。
关系代词用which,不用that;指人时可用who,whom。
如:
ThisisthesisterwhohavebeentoNewYorktwice.(限定性定语从句)
Ihavetwosisters,whoarebothstudents.(非限定性定语从句)
Ihavelostthepen,whichIlikeverymuch.(非限定性定语从句,不可用that)
四、介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
ThepersontowhomyoushouldwriteisMrBall.
这是一个由“perp+关系代词”引导的定语从句。
用这类定语从句时必须注意以下几点:
1.当先行词是人,而关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语,且介词位于从句的句首与关系代词连用时,使用“perp+whom”引导定语从句。
ThepersontowhomIlentmybicycleisHerry.
2.当先行词是物,而关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语,且介词位于从句的句首与关系代词连用时,使用“perp+which”引导定语从句。
ThehospitalinwhichIwasbornwasverysmall.
3.介词可后移,关系代词可省略。
Theperson(whom/who/that)IlentmybicycletoisMrBall.
Thehospital(which/that)Iwasborninwasverysmall.
4.含有介词的短语动词lookfor,lookafter等, 在定语从句中不要拆开,也就是说不要介词放在从句句首。
Isthisthepen(which/that)youarelookingfor?
Thepersonheislookingforishisbrother.
5.位于介词后不可用that引导定语从句
改错:
Doyouknowthewayinthathesolvedtheproblem?
6.对于“perp+关系代词”引导定语从句,如何选择介词这个问题,可归纳为以下几点:
(1).根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配。
如:
Doyouknowthemanwithwhomyoujustshookhands?
(2).由先行词决定。
如:
I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedtheParty.
(3).由句子表达的全部意思决定。
如:
Waterisveryimportantforuswithoutwhichwecan’tlive.
7.特殊使用:
MrGreenisthebossinwhosecompanymysisterworks.
Ihavenoroominwhichtolive.(不可用where代替inwhich,在不定式前只能用prep+which作定语修饰前面的名词)
五、that和which的用法
1.关系代词在指物时只用that,不用which的情况
(1)当先行词是不定代词,如all,everything,anything,nothing,much,few,little,none,theone等
AllTHATcanbedonehasbeendone.
Ididn'twantthisrecorder;IwanttheoneTHATwasborrowedyesterday.
(2)先行词(指物的)前面有only,few,oneof,little,no,all,every,very等词修饰时
There'snodifficultyTHATwecan'tovercome.
I'vereadallthebooksTHATcanbeborrowedhere.
ThisistheverymanTHATIwanttosee.
(3)先行词被序数词first,last,next等或形容词的最高级修饰时
ThisisthefirstletterTHATI'vewritteninEnglish.
SheisthemostcarefulgirlTHATI'veeverknown.
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时
TheytalkedaboutthepeopleandplacesTHATtheyhadvisited.
(5)当先行词是系动词be后面表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时(无论先行词是人还是物)
Shanghaiisn'tthecityTHATitusedtobe60yearsago.
HeisnolongerthemanTHATheusedtobe.
(6)当主句是以who,which或what开头的特殊疑问句时
WhoisthemanTHATiswaitingattheschoolgate?
WhichisthecarTHATranoveradogyesterday?
WhatdidyouseeTHATmadeyousoangry?
(7)当主句以Therebe…结构开头时,或关系代词在therebe…结构中作实义主语,先行项为物
ThereisaseatinthecornerTHATisstillfree.
TherearetwobooksonhistoryTHATareforyou.
The9.15isthefastesttrainTHATtherehaseverbeen.
(8)当先行词是基数词时
YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.NowyoucanseethetwoTHATarestillalive.
2.关系代词指物时只用which而不用that的情况
(1)关系代词在从句中作介词宾语并且介词提至关系代词前时只用which,但当介词在从句句尾时,两者皆可。
Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.
=Thisisthequestionwhich/thatwe’vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.
Thisisthebookwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(此时for不可以提到which之前,因lookfor是固定搭配,不能拆开。
)
(2)、在非限定性定语从句中必须用which,不能用that。
Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichiskindofthem.(此时which引导非限定性定语从句,指代前面整个句子,不可用that,也不可置于句首。
)
注意:
which作介词宾语引导定语从句或在非限定性定语从句中不能省略。
六、定语从句中只用who,不用that的情况
1
先行词是one,ones或anyone时;先行词为those或被those修饰,指人时
Onewhodoesnotworkhardwillneversucceed.
Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.
SheistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasbeentotheUSA.
Thosewholearnnotonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.
2
在以therebe…的句子中,先行词为人时
Thereisacomradeoutsidewhowantstoseeyou.
3
当定语从句中又有定语从句,且先行项都为人时
Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhoworkshard.
4
在非限制性定语从句中指人
Imetafriendofmineinthestreet,whohadjustcomefromAmerica.
5
定语从句中有插入语时,且先行项为人时
JacksonisamanwhoIbelieveishonest.
七、as引导的定语从句
1、as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句,并在从句中作主语、表语或状语,构成thesame…as,such…as,as…as,so…as等结构。
例如:
Ilikethesamebookasyoudo.(as作宾语)
Ishalldoitinthesamewayasyoudid.(as作状语)
2、as引导非限定性定语从句。
as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,这个定语从句说明整个句子,可以放在主句之前。
例如:
Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard.(as指代整个句子,作宾语)
Theexperimentisveryimportant,asindeeditis.(as指代整个句子,作表语)
常用的这种类似插入语的句式有asissaidabove,asisalreadymentionedabove,asisknowntoall,asitis,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper等。
3、关系代词as和which在定语从句中的区别是:
which不能放在句首,而as则可以;在句中时,as有“正如”、“就象”之意,而which指“这一点”、“这一切”或“这么一种状况”如:
Itrainedheavily,whichaddedtoourdifficulty.
Asisknowntous,TaiwanispartofChina.
=TaiwanispartofChina,asisknowntous.
八、定语从句的主谓一致
1、关系代词在从句中作主语时,谓语动词要和先行词的性和数保持一致。
I,whoamyourfriend,enjoytraveling.
Thosewhowanttogoforastrikesignyournameshere.
Anyonewhobreakstheruleswillbepublished.
2、在“oneof+名词(复数)”这一结构作为先行词时,从句中谓语动词应用复数,而“theonlyoneof+名词(复数)”作为先行词时,从句中谓语动词应用单数。
ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyLuXun.
HeistheonlyoneoftheboyswhohaslearnedFrench.
定语从句考点强化练习
一、定语从句专项突破练习
1.I,___yourgoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.
A.whoisB.whoamC.thatisD.whicham
2.Theoldmanhastwosons,___arelawyers.
A.bothofthemB.bothofwhoC.bothofwhomD.bothofthey
3.Heisamanofgreatknowledge,___muchcanbelearned.
A.inwhomB.aboutwhomC.fromwhomD.ofwhom
4.Icantellyou___hetoldmelastweek.
A.allwhichB.allwhatC.thatallD.allthat
5.Isoxygentheonlygas___helpsfireburn
A.thatB./C.whichD.what
6.Air,___webreatheeveryday,isaroundusallthetime.
A.thatB./C.whichD.it
7.Thisisthemuseum___wesawanexhibitiontheotherday
.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.inthat
8.Thismuseumis___youvisitedtheotherday.
A.thatB.whichC.whereD.theone
9.Thisisthemuseum___yousawtheotherday.
A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.inthat
10.Itisthethirdtime___latethismonth.
A.thatyouarrivedB.whenyouarrived
C.thatyou'vearrivedD.whenyou'vearrived
11.Itwasin1969___theAmericanastronautsucceededinlanding
onthemoon.
A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.when
12.Weoftenthinkofthedays___wespenttogetherontheisland.
A.whenB.whichC.inwhichD.duringwhich
13.HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai,____Ilefttenyearsago
A.whereB.whichC.thatD.when
14.HehasleftBeijing,___ameetingistobeheld.
A.whenB.whereC.asD.which
15.Thisistheveryplace___I'mwishingtolivein.
A.whereB.whichC.thatD.inwhich
16.Ihaveboughtthesamedress____sheiswearing.
A.asB.thatC.whichDthan
17.Canyousolvesuchproblems___raisedbytheaudience
A.whatwereB.aswereC.thatwereD.whichwere
18.Thereason___hedidn'tcomewas____hewasinjured.
A.that,becauseB.why,thatC.why,becauseD.that,that
19.HemustbefromAfrica,____canbeseenfromhisskin.
A.thatB.asC.itD.what
20.Hisfatherdiedlastyear,____madeitimpossibleforhimtogoabroad
.A.whenB.whichC.asD.that
21.___isnatural,hemarriedMary.
A.ItB.WhatC.WhichD.As
22.Thebuses,____werealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.
A.mostofthemB.mostofwhichC.whichmostD.thatmost
23.All___isneededisasupplyofoil.
A.thethingB.thatC.whatD.which
24.Hepaidtheboy10dollarsforwashingtenwindows,mostof___hadnotbeencleanedforyears.
A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which
25.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasingleperson____shecouldturnforhelp.
A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom
26.Thisisoneofthemeans____theelectricenergyisconductedfromoneplacetoanother.
A.bywhichB.bythatC.throughwhichD.throughthat
27.Theplace___youaregoingtovisitistheruinofaplace.
A.inwhichB.atwhichC.whereD.which
28.Thefactory___Iamgoingtoistheplace___mymotherusedtoworkmanyyearsago.
A.where,whereB.where,whichC.which,whereD.that,which
29.Don'tdosuchthings___youarenotsureabout.
A.thatB.whichC.asD.what
30.Robertisgoodatlanguage,___weallknow.
A.becauseB.forC.asD.since
二、定语从句易混点对比专练
1.①
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