重要各国案例引注规范.docx

重要各国案例引注规范.docx

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重要各国案例引注规范

CITATIONSINCOURT

Albeitapointofetiquette,givingcitationsofcaselawcorrectlyisanecessarypartofmootingbesttackledassoonaspossible.Therearetwothingstoconsider.

First,whichcasereportsareyougoingtoreferto?

ForexamplethecaseofHughesvLordAdvocateisreportedin,amongstother,theLawreports,WeeklyLawReportsandtheAllEnglandLawReports.Whichshouldbeused?

InaccordancewiththepracticedirectiongivenbyLordXMR,whereacaseisreportedintheofficiallawreports,i.e.theAppealsCases[AC],Queen'sBenchReports[QB]or[QBD],ChanceryDivsionReports[Ch]or[ChD],WeeklyLawReports[WLR]andsoforth,thecitationfromtherelevantofficialreport,providedbytheIncorporatedCouncilofLawReporters（"ICLR"）shouldbeusedinpreferencetotheAllEnglandLawReports[AllER]andotherssuchastheIndustrialCaseReportsorTheTimes.

Second,howdoyoucitecasesorally?

Writingcitationsiseasy（justremembertounderlineoritalicisethenamesofthepartiesandthe"v"or"Re"）butwhenspeaking,thefollowingsuggestionsmightproveuseful.

RvBrown[1994]AC212

"TheCrownandBrown,asreportedinthefirstvolumeoftheAppealsCasesof1994beginningatpagetwohundredandtwelve."

ReHastingsBass[1975]Ch25

"InreHastingsBass,asreportedinthefirstvolumeoftheChanceryReportsof1975beginningatpagetwenty-five.

JanviervSweeney[1919]2KB316

"JanvierandSweeneyasreportedinthesecondvolumeoftheKing'sBenchReportsof1919beginningatpagethreehundredandsixteen"

Swf：

不过刑事案件一般不读“和”，而是读“诉”（versus）

Yougetthepoint.

Wherepossibleneurtralcitations（e.g.UKHLandsoforth）shouldnotbeused.

Afinalnoteaboutadministrativelawcases,R（Jackson）translatesas"TheCrownontheapplicationofJackson..."

Casecitationisthesystemusedinmanycountriestoidentifythedecisionsinpastcourtcases,eitherinspecialseriesofbookscalledreportersorlawreports,orina'neutral'formwhichwillidentifyadecisionwhereveritwasreported.Althoughcasecitationsareformatteddifferentlyindifferentjurisdictions,theygenerallycontainthesamekeyinformation.

Wherecasesarepublishedinpaperformthecitationwillusuallycontain:

thetitleofthereports;

thevolumenumber;

pagenumber;and

yearofdecision.

Insomereportseries,forexampleinEnglandandAustralia,thevolumesarenotnumberedindependentlyoftheyear:

thustheyearandvolumenumber（usuallynogreaterthan4）arerequiredtoidentifywhichbookoftheserieshasthecasereportedwithinitscovers.Incitationsofthistypeitisusualinthesejurisdictionsforsquarebrackets"[year]"tobeappliedtotheyear（whichmaynotbetheyearthatthecasewasdecided:

forexample,acasedecidedinDecember2001mayhavebeenreportedin2002）.

TheInternetbroughtwithittheopportunityforcourtstopublishtheirdecisionsonwebsites.DecisionsofmanycourtsfromallovertheworldcannowbefoundthroughthewebsiteWorldLIIanditsmemberinstitutes.[1]

Mostdecisionsofcourtsarenotpublishedinprintedlawreports.Theexpenseoftypesettingandpublishingthemhaslimitedtheprintedlawreportstosignificantcases.Internetpublishingofcourtdecisionsresultedinafloodofinformation.Theresultwasthatamedium-neutralcitationsystemhadtobeadopted.Thisusuallycontainsthefollowinginformation:

yearofdecision

theabbreviatedtitleofthecourt;and

thedecisionnumber（notthecourtfilenumber）

Ratherthanutilizingpagenumbersforpin-pointreferences,whichwoulddependuponparticularprintersandbrowsers,pin-pointquotesrefertoparagraphnumbers.

Australia

Mainarticle:

Australianlegalcitation

ThestandardcasecitationformatinAustraliais:

Styleofcause

（yearofdecision）

[yearofreport]

volume

report

（series）

page

MabovQueensland（No2）

（1992）

175

CLR

1.

AsinCanada,therehasbeendivergencebetweencitationstyles.ThereexistscommercialcitationguidespublishedbyButterworthsandotherlegalpublishingcompanies,academiccitationstylesandcourtcitationstyles.EachcourtinAustraliamaycitethesamecasesslightlydifferently.ThereispresentlyamovementinconvergencetothecomprehensiveacademiccitationstyleoftheAustralianGuidetoLegalCitationpublishedbytheMelbourneUniversityLawReview.

[]Reports

Abbreviation

Report

Years

AAR

AdministrativeAppealsReports

-

ALJR

AustralianLawJournalReports

-

ALR

AustralianLawReports

1983-

CLR

CommonwealthLawReports

1903-

FLC

FamilyLawCases

-

FLR

FederalLawReports

-

NSWLR

NewSouthWalesLawReports

-

QdR

QueenslandReports

-

SASR

SouthAustralianStateReports

-

VR

VictorianReports

-

[]Neutralcitation

Australiancourtsandtribunalshavenowadoptedaneutralcitationstandardforcaselaw.Theformatprovidesanamingsystemthatdoesnotdependonthepublicationofthecaseinalawreport.MostcasesarenowpublishedonAustLIIusingneutralcitations.[2]

Thestandardformatlookslikethis:

Yearofdecision

Courtidentifier

Ordinalnumber

[2005]

HCA

1

SotheabovementionedMabocasewouldthenbecitedlikethis:

[1992]HCA23.

Thereisauniquecourtidentifiercodeformostcourts.Thecourtandtribunalidentifiersinclude:

CourtIdentifier

Court

HCA

HighCourtofAustralia

FCA

FederalCourtofAustralia

FCAFC

FederalCourtofAustralia-FullCourt（Appealsbench）

FamCA

FamilyCourtofAustralia

FMCA

FederalMagistrates'CourtofAustralia

FMCAfam

FederalMagistrates'CourtofAustralia,familylawdecisions

AAT

AdministrativeAppealsTribunalofAustralia

[]References

∙AustralianGuidetoLegalCitation

[]Canada

ThereareanumberofcitationstandardsinCanada.Manylegalpublishingcompaniesandschoolshavetheirownpracticeforcitation.Sincethelate1990s,however,therehasbeenaconvergenceamongmuchoflegalcommunitytoasinglestandardwhichhasbeenformulatedin"TheCanadianGuidetoUniformLegalCitation",commonlyknownasthe"McGillGuide"aftertheMcGillLawJournalthatfirstpublishedit.Thefollowingformatreflectsthisstandard.

ThestandardcasecitationinCanadalookslikethis:

HuntervSoutham,[1984]2SCR145.

Theformatcanbebrokenintoitscomponentparts:

Styleofcause

（yearofdecision）,

[yearofreport]

volume

report

（series）

page

jurisdiction/court

RvBigMDrugMartLtd,

[1985]

1

SCR

295.

RvOakes,

[1986]

1

SCR

103.

ReCanadaTrustCoandOHRC

（1990）,

69

DLR

（4th）

321

（OntCA）.

TheStyleofCauseisitalicizedasinallothercountriesandthepartynamesareseparatedby"v"（English）or"c"（French）.Priorto1984theappellantpartywouldalwaysbenamedfirst.However,sincethencasenamesdonotswitchorderwhenthecaseisappealed.

Undisclosedpartiestoacasearerepresentedbyinitials（e.g.,RvRDS）.CriminalcasesareprosecutedbytheCrownwhichisalwaysrepresentedby"R"forRegina（queen）orRex（king）.Constitutionalreferencesarealwaysentitled"Referencere"followedbythesubjecttitle.

Iftheyearofdecisionisthesameastheyearofthereport,andthedateisapartofthereporter'scitationthenthedateneednotbelistedafterthestyleofcause.Ifthedateofthedecisionisdifferentfromtheyearofthereport,thenbothshouldbeshown.

Whereavailablecasesshouldbecitedwiththeirneutralcitationimmediatelyafterthestyleofcauseandprecedingtheprintcitation.Forexample,

ChaoullivQuebec（AttorneyGeneral）,2005SCC35,[2005]1SCR791.

Thisformatwasadoptedasthestandardin2006,inthesixtheditionoftheMcGillGuide.Priortothisformat,theoppositeorderofparallelcitationwasused.

TheseventheditionoftheMcGillGuide,published2010-08-20,removesmostfullstop（"."）charactersfromthecitations（e.g.,acitationtotheSupremeCourtReportswhichwouldpreviouslyhavebeen[2005]1S.C.R.791,isnow[2005]1SCR791.Mostfullstopsarealsoremovedfromstylesofcause.Theseventheditionalsofurtherhighlightsthesignificanceofneutralcitations（i.e.,tribunal-assignedcitationsthatarepublisher-independent）

[]Reports

Abbreviation

Report

years

AdminLR

AdministrativeLawReports

1983–1991

AdminLR（2d）

AdministrativeLawReports（secondseries）

1992–1998

AdminLR（3d）

AdministrativeLawReports（thirdseries）

1999-

ANWTYTR

Alberta,NorthwestTerritories&YukonTaxReporter

1973-

ACWS

AllCanadaWeeklySummaries

1970–1979

ACWS（2d）

AllCanadaWeeklySummaries（secondseries）

1980–1986

AR

AlbertaReports

1976-

CCLT（2d）

CanadianCasesontheLawofTorts

DLR

DominionLawReports

DLR（2d）

DominionLawReports（secondseries）

DLR（3d）

DominionLawReports（thirdseries）

-1984

DLR（4th）

DominionLawReports（fourthseries）

1984-

FCR

FederalCourtReports

1971-

NBR（2d）

NewBrunswickReports

1969-

NR

NationalReporter

NSR（2d）

NovaScotiaReports

1969-

OR（3d）

OntarioReports

1986-

SCR

SupremeCourtReports

1970-

WWR

WesternWeeklyReports

1911–1950,1971-

WWR（NS）

WesternWeeklyReports（NewSeries）

1950–1971

[]Neutralcitation

In1999theCanadianJudicialCounciladoptedaneutralcitationstandardforcaselaw.Theformatprovidesanamingsystemthatdoesnotdependonthepublicationofthecaseinalawreport.

Thestandardformatlooklikethis:

Yearofdecision

Courtidentifier

Ordinalnumber

2000

SCC

1

Thereisauniquecourtidentifiercodeformostcourts.Alistofthecourtidentifiersinclude:

CourtIdentifier

Court

fromyear

SCC

SupremeCourtofCanada

2000

FCT

FederalCourtofCanad