学派网全国职称英语卫生类新增文章word版.docx
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学派网全国职称英语卫生类新增文章word版.docx
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学派网全国职称英语卫生类新增文章word版
第二部分 阅读判断
第九篇WhatIsaDream?
Forcenturies,peoplehavewonderedaboutthestrangethingsthattheydreamabout.Somepsychologistssaythatthisnighttimeactivityofthemindhasnospecialmeaning.Others,however,thinkthatdreamsareanimportantpartofourlives.Infact,manyexpertsbelievethatdreamscantellusaboutaperson’smindandemotions.
Beforemoderntimes,manypeoplethoughtthatdreamscontainedmessagesfromGod.Itwasonlyinthetwentiethcenturythatpeoplestartedtostudydreamsinascientificway.
TheAustrianpsychologist,SigmundFreud1,wasprobablythefirstpersontostudydreamsscientifically.Inhisfamousbook,TheinterpretationofDreams(1900),Freudwrotethatdreamsareanexpressionofaperson’swishes.Hebelievedthatdreamsallowpeopletoexpressthefeelings,thoughts,andfearsthattheyareafraidtoexpressinreallife.
TheSwisspsychiatristCarlJung2wasonceastudentofFreud’s.Jung,however,hadadifferentideaaboutdreams.Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.Forexample,peoplewhodreamaboutfallingmaylearnthattheyhavetoohighanopinionofthemselves.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhodreamaboutbeingheroesmaylearnthattheythinktoolittleofthemselves.
Modern-daypsychologistscontinuetodeveloptheoriesaboutdreams.Forexample,psychologistWilliamDomhofffromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,believesthatdreamsaretightlylinkedtoaperson’sdailylife,thoughts,andbehavior.Acriminal,forexample,mightdreamaboutcrime.
Domhoffbelievesthatthereisaconnectionbetweendreamsandage.Hisresearchshowsthatchildrendonotdreamasmuchasadults.AccordingtoDomhoff,dreamingisamentalskillthatneedstimetodevelop.
Hehasalsofoundalinkbetweendreamsandgender.Hisstudiesshowthatthedreamsofmenandwomenaredifferent.Forexample,thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.3Domhofffoundthisgenderdifferenceinthedreamsofpeoplefrom11culturesaroundtheworld,includingbothmodernandtraditionalones.
Candreamshelpusunderstandourselves?
Psychologistscontinuetotrytoanswerthisquestionindifferentways.However,onethingtheyagreeonthis:
Ifyoudreamthatsomethingterribleisgoingtooccur,youshouldn’tpanic.Thedreammayhavemeaning,butitdoesnotmeanthatsometerribleeventwillactuallytakeplace.It’simportanttorememberthattheworldofdreamsisnottherealworld.
词汇:
psychologist/saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst/n.心理学家
psychiatrist/sai'kaiətrɪst/n.精神病学家(医生)
Austrian/ˈɔstrɪən/adj.奥地利的
gender/ˈdʒendə/n.性别
注释:
1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德(1856—1939),犹太人,奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。
精神分析学派的创始人。
他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的,性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。
著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。
2.CarlJung:
卡尔•荣格,瑞士著名精神分析专家,分析心理学的创始人。
3.Forexample,thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.例如,男人做梦会梦到男人,并且常与打斗有关;女人做梦与男人则不同。
练习:
1.Noteveryoneagreesthatdreamsaremeaningful.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
2.AccordingtoFreud,peopledreamaboutthingsthattheycannottalkabout.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
3.Jungbelievedthatdreamsdidnothelponetounderstandoneself.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
4.Inthepast,peoplebelievedthatdreamsinvolvedemotions.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
5.AccordingtoDomhoff,babiesdonothavethesameabilitytodreamasadultsdo.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
6.Menandwomendreamaboutdifferentthings.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
7.Scientistsagreethatdreamspredictthefuture.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
答案与题解
1.A 这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。
即有些心理学家认为,人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为,梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。
2.A 第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。
此句与本叙述一致。
3.B 第四段的第二句和第三句:
Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.(他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己)。
他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
4.C 文中没有提及。
5.A 依据第六段,Domhoff研究得出:
婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦,做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。
这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。
6.A 本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。
第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。
7.B 最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是:
梦可能会有意义,但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。
因而不能预测未来。
第十三篇StageFright1
Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic,2Mr.Feltsmansaid,“Allmyfrightwasgone.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen?
”
Today,musicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthatdealwithperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearntofightstagefrightanditssymptoms:
icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind.3
Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout,4tomentaldiscipline,suchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’tdenythatyou’rejittery,theyurge;someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoften,simplyfortheexperience.
PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggestssomestrategiesforthemomentsbeforeperformance,“Taketwodeepabdominalbreaths,openupyourshoulders,thensmile,’’shesays.“Andnotoneofthese‘pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Thenchoosethreefriendlyfacesintheaudience,peopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusicto,andmakeeyecontactwiththem.”Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudienceasajudge.
Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenattherootofstagefright,saysDorothyDelay,awell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve.
WhenLynnHarrellwas20,hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestra,andhesufferedextremestagefright.“ThereweretimeswhenIgotsonervousIwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.IcametoapointwhereIthought,‘IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.”5Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible,andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.6
Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosuffer,ofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.“Theyhadtopushhimonstage,”SopranoRenataScottorecalled.
Actually,successcanmakethingsworse.“Inthebeginningofyourcareer,whenyou’rescaredtodeath,nobodyknowswhoyouare,andtheydon’thaveanyexpectations,”SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.“There’slesstolose.Lateron,whenyou’reknown,peoplearecomingtoseeyou,andtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose.”
Andersonadded,“IneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.”
词汇:
veteran/ˈvetərən/adj.经验丰富的
jittery/ˈdʒɪtəri/adj.紧张不安的
mentor/ˈmenˌtɔ:
/n.指导者
soprano/səˈprprɑ:
nəʊ/n.女高音;女高音歌手
cellist/ˈtʃelɪst/n.大提琴演奏家
abdominal/æbˈdɔmənəl/adj.腹部的
fallible/ˈfæləbəl/adj.易犯错误的
tenor/'tenə/n.男高音
注释:
1.StageFright:
舞台恐惧
2.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic…资深大提琴家MstislavRostropovich故意把VladimirFeltsman绊倒,因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症。
curesomebodyofsomething(illness,problem):
医治好病(解决问题)
3.…itssymptoms:
icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind:
舞台恐惧的症状有手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。
4.Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout:
老师和心理学家提出了方方面面的建议,一些基础知识,比如将演奏曲目烂熟于心……insideout:
ingreatdetail详细地,从里到外地
5.IcametoapointwhereIthought,“IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.”我曾经一度认为,如果搞音乐就必须经过克服舞台恐惧这一关的话,这项工作不能做。
6.Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible,andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.不舞台恐惧意味着提高谦卑感,即认识到不管你多有才,你也会出错,一个有瑕疵的音乐会也绝对不是世界末日。
练习:
1.FallingdownonstagewasnotagoodwayforVladimirFeltsmantodealwithhisstagefright.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
2.Therearemanysignsofstagefright.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
3.Teachersandpsychologistscannothelppeoplewithextreme-stagefright.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
4.Toperformwellonstage,youneedtohavesomefeelingsofexcitement.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
5.Ifyouhavestagefright,it'shelpfultohavefriendlyaudience.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
6.Oftenpeoplehavestagefrightbecauseparentsorteachersexpecttoomuchofthem.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
7.Famousmusiciansneversufferfromstagefright.
A RightB WrongC Notmentioned
答案与题解:
1.B 本文第一段讲的是钢琴家VladimirFeltsman被MstislavRostropovich绊倒后,他的舞台恐惧被治愈了的故事。
2.A 第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。
3.B 本文的第三、四、五、六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议。
4.A 依据第三段的倒数第二句:
someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.(表演中激情是自然甚至是必要的)
5.C 第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是:
在观众中选择三位友好的面孔,与他们用眼光交流。
所以克服舞台恐惧要靠自己而不是指望所有的观众都友好。
6.A 第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高。
extremedemands就是expecttoomuchofthem的意思。
7.B 第七段讲的是:
不只年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧症,钢琴家VladimirHorowitz和男高音FrancoCorelli亦不能幸免。
Never一词不恰当。
第十四篇AzeriHillsHoldSecretofLongLife
YoucanseeforkilometersfromthemountainswhereAllahverdiIbadovherdshissmallflockofsheepamidaseaofyellow,red,andpurplewildflowers.TheviewfromAmburdereinsouthernAzerbaijantowardtheIranianborderisspectacular,butMr.Ibadovbarelygivesita
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