外贸实务英文版第二部分.docx

外贸实务英文版第二部分.docx

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外贸实务英文版第二部分

CHAPTPR3

3.PACKAGINGANDTRANSPORT

Logisticsencompassestransport,storageandhandling.Thoseaspectswhichaffectthetransportofgoodsacrossthebordersarethesubjectofthischapter.

3.1Packingandpackaging

Packingistheactionofputtingthegoodsintoapack.Packagingisreferredtoasthematerialsofwhichthepackiscomprised.

Repeatedresearchindicatesthatabout70%ofalltransportlossescouldhavebeenavoidedthroughbetterpacking/packagingandmorecarefulhandling.

Ininternationaltradewehavetokeepoureyesonthetotaljourneytheproducthastomake.Itmaybestored,transported,loadedandunloadedseveraltimes.Forastandardconsumerproducttransaction,thechainmaylooksomethinglikethis:

Protection

Theunit（box,crate,container,etc.）mustbematchedtothetypeoftransportandthenatureofthestorageandhandlingitwillreceive.Mechanicalhandlingisdifferentfromthemoresensitivemanualhandlingwhichoftenoccursinlogisticallylessdevelopedcountries.

Theprotectionmaybeagainstpilferage（expensivegoods）,moisture（tropics）,saltyseaair,hightemperatures,differencesinairpressureandtemperature（condensationincontainers）,corrosion,spoilageortheformationofmould.Inflammablegoadsmustbeprotectedagainstfire.Contaminationcanoccurwithchemicalsubstances.Andtherearetheeffectsoftransport,suchasjolting,shocks,badstacking,etc.

Handlingandtransport

Thepalletisauniversaldevice,whichallowstheuseofforklifttrucks.Boxesinparticulararefrequentlyloadedonpallets.Standardsizesare100x120cmusedforfreshfruitsandvegetables,andtheEuropalletof80x120cm.

Woodencasesareused,forexampleforpackingcustomdesignedmachinesthatdonotfitintoacontainer.

ContainersarethemostadvancedstageinincreasingthesizeoftheunitloaddeviceorULD.Theyareformultiplere-useandarenormallyconstructedofmetal,oratleastwithametalframetoprovidestackabillty.Theyaregenerallyownedbythetransportersandmadeavailablebythemtothetrade.Shipper-ownedcontainersmustbeapprovedbythetransportcompanies.

ExternaldimensionshavebeenstandardisedbyISO,theInternationalStandardisationOrganisationandIATA,theInternationalAirTransportAssociation.Themainsizesofseacontainersare2flft（6.10m）and40ft（12.20m）length.Theotherouterdimensionsare8ft（2.45m）x8ft（2.45m）.Theinternaldimensionscanvarysubstantially.

Containersallowmechanicalhandling.Therearemanytypesincludingdry,cooled,refrigerated（calledreefers）,insulated,opentop,sideToadandspecialcontainers.

Astandard40ftseacontainerholds27,000kilosor66.5cubicmetres.Weightperaxleregulationsforroadtransportmayallowlessthanmaximumload.

ForstatisticalpurposesthetermTEU（twentyfootequivalentunit）isused:

ten40itandfive20ftcontainersrepresent25TEU's.

Theloadingandunloadingofcontainersisfastandnotlabourintensive.However,theloadingofgoodsintocontainersandtheunloadingofthem,referredtoasstuffingandstrippingorunstuffing,is.

Non-containerisedcargoisreferredtoasgeneralcargo:

everythingthatcannotbeshippedincontainersSuchassteel,machines,carssurpassingtheirinnerdimensions.

Thepackagingunitmustbestackable:

thematerialmustbestrongenoughtocarryanumberoffilledunitswhileremaininglightenoughtobeconsideredeconomicallyfeasible.

Thespeedofloadingandunloadingdependsonthesizeofthepackages,theireaseofhandlingandtheavailablefacilities.Generalcargoshipsloseabout50%oftheirtimeinharbour,forcontainershipsloadingandunloadingtimecanbeneglected.

Ininternationaltrade,symbolsareusedtomarkthepackages.Standardsexistforthispurpose.

Stowageisthepositioningofcontainersorpackagesintheholdofthevesseloraircraftoronthetruck'splatform.Notonlythestrengthisimportant,butalsothedestinations:

whichhastobeunloadedfirst?

Regulationsrelatetotheweightdistributionoverthevessel,securingthecargo（forexamplecarsonacartransporter）,butalsonowetcargoondryandnoheavycargoonlight.l=orchemicals,groupingtogetherofcargoesmaybeprohibitedwherethegoadsconcernedcouldreact

witheachother.

Thestandardisationofpackagingformats

Afairdegreeofinternationalstandardisationofdimensionsisoftenfoundatindustrylevel,butstillfartoomanydifferencesexist.Themajorexceptioniscontainers,sincetheirintroductioninvolvedsuchlargesumsof-moneythatnoshippingcompanywouldhaveadoptedcontainerisationifitknewthatitwouldbeabletoloadandunloadinoneportbutnotinanother.

3.2Transportasacostpricefactor

Transportisaservice,itcannotbestored.Thesupplyisfairlyinelasticintheshortterm,whereasdemandvaries.Thismeansthattheratesfluctuate.

Theproblemofreturnfreightmustbementioned.ASwedishtruckingcompanyservingItalycanofferlowerratesfromStockholmtoMilanifitiscertainthatthetruckwillbefullyloadedonthefullyloadedonthereturnjourney.

Transportisintangible,thequalityisdifficulttomeasure.Mutualtrustbetweenclientandtransporterisessential.Inotherwords,theratesarenotallthatmatters!

Thetransportworldisaffectedbygovernmentintervention.Examplesareregulationsgoverningsafety,theenvironment,drivinghoursandnoisepollution.Moreover,allgoodstransportedhavetobeaccompaniedbytheappropriatetransportdocuments.

Asregardstransportcosts,rulesofthumbareoftenusedforthepurposeofdrawingupquotations.FortransportandinsuranceofmachinesfromEuropetoWestAfrica,consultantscalculateabout10%oftheex-factoryvalue.

Freightrates

Ratesaretoalargeextentmarket-related,sincetheaimofcarriersistogeneratetrafficflows.Inthisconnectionthephrase‘whatthecargocartbear’isallimportant.

Thestructureofratesisoftenbasedontherelationshipofweighttomeasure.ThismeansthatataW/Mratioof1:

1,iftheshipmentmeasuresmorethan1m3per1,000kg,thefreightiscalculatedonthebasisofvolume.Otherwise,onweight.

Intheoldtimes,theW/Mratiosdifferedbytypeoftransport:

Inlandandseatransport,theW/Mratiosarenowestablishedperproductorproductgroup.However,someelementsoftheoldsystemcanstillberecognised.Withairtransport,aW/Mof1:

5isbecomingthestandard.

Thetransportratesarecomplicated.Onthelistedprices,discountsareoftengivenforquantityorloyaltyorsimplybecausethescheduledshipsorplanesortrucksarenotfullybookedyet.

3.3Thepartiesinvolvedintransport

Thecommercialtransactionisconcludedbetweenthesellerandthebuyer.Hewhoorderstheshipmenttobemadeisreferredtoastheshipper.

Thebuyerisalsoreferredtoastheconsignee,incasethegoodsareconsignedtohim.Hemayalsoarrangethegoodstobeconsignedtosomeoneelse.

Incasethebuyertakescareofthearrangementsforshipment一asisthecasewithEXWorFOB,hesendsasocalledroutingordertotheseller,indicatingtheshippingdetails.

Thetransporterisreferredtoasthecarrier,hecarriesthegoods.Tosummarise:

Thereareotherpartiesinvolved:

Theforwardingagent

Hearrangesthetransportofthegoodsandisanintermediary,actingonbehalfoftheshipper.

Oneoftheforwardingagent'sspecialisationsisconsolidationorjointcargo:

hecontractscargospaceatdiscountedwholesaleratesfromhiscarriers,andcontractsitouttohiscustomersatlowerdiscountsorattilenormalcargorate.

Aconsolidatedserviceisgenerallyprovidedbetweentheforwardingagent'swarehouseorterminal,forexampleinRotterdam,andhiscorrespondent'sfacilityatthedestination,forexampleinSingapore.

Deliverytotheforwardingagent'sfacilityandcollectionfromthecorrespondent'sfacilitymayormaynotbearrangedseparately.Ifnot,theforwardingagentcanprovidedoortodoortransport,underasingledocument.

Consolidationofcargomayinvolveanindirectroutebutstillbecheaperthanusingthemostdirectrouting.SayRotterdamtoColomboviaSingapore.

WithinEuropethereisaclose-knitconsolidatedcargonetworkforroadhaulage.Jointcargoforseatransportusuallytakesplaceincontainers.LCL（lessthancontainerload）shipmentsarecombinedintoFCL（fullcontainerload）shipments.

ThetermNVOCCornon-vessel-operatingcommoncarrierissometimesusedforindicatingaconsolidator.

Agoodforwardingagentcanprovidealltransportandcustomsdocumentsfortheshipper,includingexportandimportcustomsclearance,butnotincludingexport/importlicences.

Thecustomsagent

Inmanycountries;inboundcustomsclearanceisconsideredasaseparatefunction.Thecustomsagentisregisteredwithcustomsandlooksaftertheprocessingofthecustomsdocuments.Heshouldbenotifiedoftheshipmentbytheshipper.Heoftenadvancestheimportdutiesonbehalfofhiscustomer,theimporter.Theuseofacustomsagentdoesnotexcludethatofaforwardingagent.

Sometimes,theengagementofacustomsagentiscompulsory.Evenwherethisisnotthecase,itisadvisabletodoso,becausetheimpartfunctioncanbequitecomplicatedandsubjecttolocalcustoms（includingbribes,euphemisticallycalledcommissions）.

Theshipagentorship-broker

Thisistheshippingcompany'sagent;whoarrangescargoforthevesselinplaceswherethecarrierdoesnothaveitsownoffices.Henotestheratesandbooksthecargoonbehalfoftheshippingcompany.Healsotakescareofalltheformalitiesfarthevesselintheport,onbehalfoftheshippingcompany.Forwardingagentsmayalsohandleshipagenci