二语习得复习汇总.docx

二语习得复习汇总.docx

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二语习得复习汇总

AGeneralReview

I•Short&Longanswers

1.whatisthediffereneebetweenmonolingualandmultilingualcommunicativecompetenee?

Differeneesebetweenmonolingualandmultilingualcommunicativecompeteneearedueinparttothedifferentsocialfunctionsoffirstandsecondlanguagelearning,andtothedifferencesbetweenlearninglanguageandlearningculture.

Thedifferencesofthecompeteneebetweennativespeakersandnonativespeakersineludestructuraldifferencesinthelinguisitesystem,differentrulesforusageinwritingorconversation,andevensomewhatdivergentmeaningsforthe

“samez/lexicalforms.Furthe.amultilingualspeaker，oialcommunicativecompeteneediffersfromthatofamonolingualinincludingknowledgeofrulesfortheappropriatechoiceoflanguageandforswitchingbetweenIanguages,givenaparticularsocialcontextandcommunicativepurpose.

2.whatarethemicrosocialfactorsthataffectSLA?

a）L2variationb）inputandinteractionc）interactionasthegenesisofIanguage

3.Whatisthediffereneebetweenlinguisticcompetenee&communicativecompetenee（CC）?

Linguisticcompetenee-Itwasdefinedin1965byChomskyasaspeaker，sunderlyingabilitytoproducegrammaticallycorrectexpressions.LinguisticcompeteneereferstoknowledgeofIanguage.Theoreticallinguisticsprimarilystudieslinguisticcompetenee:

knowledgeofaIanguagepossessedby-listenernideal,speak

Communicativecompetenee-Itisaterminlinguisticswhichrefersto“whaiakspneedstoknowtocommunicateappropriatelywithinaparticularlanguagecommunity",suchasalanguageuser"sgrammatisantanowledge

c

morphology,phonologyandthelike,aswellassocialknowledgeabouthowandwhentouseutterancesappropriately.

4.WhyisCCinLIdifferentfromL2?

LIlearningforchildrenisanintegralpartoftheirsociolizationintotheirnativeIanguagecommunity.L2learningmaybepartofsecondculturelearningandadaptation,buttherelationshipofSLAtosocialandculturallearningdiffersgreatlywithcircumstances.

5.WhatisAccommodationTheory?

HowdoesthisexplainL2variation?

Accommodationtheory:

Speakers（usuallyunconsciously）changetheirpronunciationandeventhegrammaticalcomplexityofsentencestheyusetosoundmorelikewhomevertheyaretalkingto.ThisaccountsinpartforwhynativespeakerstendtosimplytheirIanguagewhentheyaretalkingtoaL2learnerwhoisnotfluent,andwhyL2learnersmayacquiresomewhatdifferentvarietiesofthetargetIanguagewhentheyhavedifferentfriends.

6.Discusstheimport&neeofinput&interactionforL2learning.Howcouldthisaffectthefeedbackprovided

tostudents?

.a）Fromtheperspectiveoflinguisticapproaches:

（1）behaviorist:

theyconsiderinputtoformthenecessary

stimuliandfeedbackwhichlearnersrespondtoandimitate;

（2）UniversalGrammar:

theyconsiderexposuretoinputanecessarytriggerforactivatinginternalmechanisms;（3）MonitorModel:

considercomprehensibleinputnotonlynecessarybutsufficientinitselftoaccountforSLA;

b）Fromtheperspectiveofpsychologicalapproaches:

（1）IPframework:

considerinputwhichisattendedtoasessentialdataforallstagesofIanguageprocessing;

（2）connectionistframework:

considerthequantityorfrequencyofinputstructurestolargelydetermineacquisitionalsequencing;

c）Fromtheperspectiveofsocialapproaches:

interactionisgenerallyseenasessentialinprovidinglearnerswiththequantityandqualityofexternallinguisticinputwhichisrequiredforinternalprocessing.

ii•OthertypesofinteractionwhichcanenhanceSLAineludefeedbackfromNSswhichmakesNNsawarethattheirusageisnotaccepatbleinsomeway,andwhichprovidesamodelforucorrectness”•Whilechildrenrarely

rece

negativeevidenceinLI,anddon'trequireittoachievefullnativecompetence,correctivefeedbackiscommon

inL2

andmayindeedbenecessaryformostlearnerstoultimatelyreachnative-likelevelsofproficiencywhenthatisthedesiredgoal.

7.ExplainZPD.HowwouldscaffoldingputastudentinZPD?

ZoneofProximalDevelopment,thisisanareaofpotentialdevelopment,wherethelearnercanachievethatpotentialonlywithassistance.MentalfunctionsthatarebeyondanindividuaTscurrentlevelmustbeperformedincollaborationwithotherpeoplebeforetheyareachievedindependently.OnewayinwhichothershelpthelearnerinlanguagedevelopmentwithintheZPDisthroughscaffolding.Scaffoldingreferstoverbalguidancewhichanexpertprovidestohelpalearnerperformanyspecifictask,ortheverbalcollaborationofpeerstoperformataskwhichwouldbetoodifficuItforanyoneofthemindividually.Itisnotsomethingthathappenstolearnersasapassiverecipient,buthappenswithalearnerasanactiveparticipant・

8.ExplainwhysomelearnersaremoresuccessfulthanothersfromtheperspectiveofS~Ctheory?

TheS-Cframeworksupportstheviewthatsomelearnersmaybemoresuccessfulthanothersbecauseoftheirlevelofaccesstoorparticipationinalearningcommunity,orbecauseoftheamountofmediationtheyreceivefromexpertsorpeers,andbecauseofhowwelltheymakeuseofthathelp.

9.WhatarethemacrosocialfactorsthatinfluenceSLA?

（1）GlobalandnationalstatusofLIandL2

（2）Boundariesandidentities

（3）Institutionalforcesandconstraints（4）Socialcategories（5）Circumstancesoflearning

10.Whataretheadvantagesofyounglearnersandoldlearnersrespectively?

YoungL2learnersaremorelikelytoacquirethelanguageinanaturalisticsetting;theyaremorelikelytousetheL2inhighlycontextualizedface-to-facesituation.OlderlearnerssucceedinSLAtothelevelofbeingableto

“

passnativespeakerwhensocialmotivationisstrongenough.

11.Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenlinguists,psycholinguist,sociolinguistsandsocial

psycholinguists?

（1）Linguistsemphasizethecharacteristicsofthedifferencesandsimilaritiesinthelanguagesthatarebeinglearned,andthelinguisticcompetence（underlyingknowledge）andlinguisticperformance（actualproduction）oflearnersatvariousstagesofacquisition.

（2）Psychologistsandpsycholinguistsemphasizethementalorcognitiveprocessesinvolvedinacquisition,andtherepresentationoflanguagesinthebrain.

（3）Sociolinguistsemphasizevariabilityinlearnerlinguisticperformance,andextendthescopeofstudytocommunicativecompetence（underlyingknowledgethatadditionallyaccountsforlanguageuse,orpragmaticcompetence）•

（4）Socialpsychologistsemphasizegroup-relatedphenomena,suchasidentityandsocialmotivation,andtheinteractionalandlargersocialcontextsoflearning.

12.Whatarethedifferencesbetweensecondlanguage,foreignlanguage,librarylanguageandauxiliarylanguage?

（1）Asecondlanguageistypicallyanofficialorsocietallydominantlanguageneededforeducation,employment,andotherbasicpurposes.Itisoftenacquiredbyminoritygroupmembersorimmigrantswhospeakanotherlanguagenatively.Inthismorerestrictedsense,thetermiscontrastedwithothertermsinthislist.

（2）Aforeignlanguageisonenotwidelyusedinthelearners5immediatesocialcontextwhichmightbeusedforfuturetravelorothercross-culturalcommunicationsituations,orstudiedasacurricularrequirementotelectiveinschool,butwithnoimmediateornecessarypracticalapplication.

（3）Alibrarylanguageisonewhichfunctionsprimarilyasatoolforfuturelearningthroughreading,especiallywhenbooksorjournalsinadesiredfieldofstudyarenotcommonlypublishedinthelearners，nativetongue.

（4）Anauxiliarylanguageisonewhichlearnersneedtoknowforsomeofficialfunctionsintheirimmediatepoliticalsetting,orwillneedforpurposesofwidercommunication,althoughtheirfirstlanguageservesmostotherneedsintheirlives.

13.Whyaresomelearnersmore（orless）successfulthanothers?

TheintriguingquestionofwhysomeL2learnersaremoresuccessfulthanothersrequiresustounpackthebroadlabel“learners”forsomedimensionsofdiscussion.LinguisticsmaydistinguishcategoriesoflearnersdefinedbytheidentityandrelationshipoftheirLIandL2;psycholinguistsmaymakedistinctionsbasedonindividualaptitudeforL2learning,personalityfactors,typesandstrengthofmotivation,anddifferentlearningstrategies;sociolinguistsmaydistinguishamonglearnerswithregardtosocial,economic,andpoliticaldifferencesandlearnerexperiencesinnegotiatedinteraction;andsocialpsychologistsmaycategorizelearnersaccordingtoaspectsoftheirgroupidentityandattitudestowardtargetlanguagespeakersortowardL2learningitself.

14.Listatleastfivepossiblemotivationsforlearningasecondlanguageatanolderage.

Themotivationmayarisefromavarietyofconditions，includingthefollowing:

Invasionorconquestofone'scountrybyspeakersofanotherlanguage;

Aneedordesiretocontactspeakersofotherlanguagesineconomicorotherspecificdomains:

Immigrationtoacountrywhereuseofalanguageotherthanone，sLIisrequired;

Adoptionofreligiousbeliefsandpracticeswhichinvolveuseofanotherlanguage;

Aneedordesiretopursueeducationalexperienceswhereaccessrequiresproficiencyinanotherlanguage;

Adesireforoccupationalorsocialadvancementwhichisfurthetedbyknowledgeofanotherlanguage;

Aninterestinknowingmoreaboutpeoplesofotherculturesandhavingaccesstotheirtechnologiesorliteratures.

15.Whatarethetwomainfactorsthatinfluencethelanguagelearning?

（1）Theroleofnaturalabilit