海洋学复习资料董志南整理.docx
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海洋学复习资料董志南整理.docx
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海洋学复习资料董志南整理
个人观点,仅供参考,如有异议,欢迎讨论,敬请不吝赐教
——董志南
WaterandOceanStructure
1.Whyiswaterapolarmolecule?
Whatpropertiesofwaterderivefromitspolarnature?
BecauseWaterstructureis:
oneoxygenatomisintheabovedirection,twohydrogenatomsbelowareconnectedtotheoxygenatoms.thebondangleofthemisabout105degrees,.Thepositivelychargedcenterofwaterisinthefollowing,whilethenegativeoneisintheabove.Thetwocentersdonotcoincide,Polaritycannotcanceleachotherout.
Cohesion–theabilityofwatermoleculestosticktoeachother,creatingsurfacetension
Adhesion–thetendencyofwatermoleculestosticktoothermaterials,agoodsolvent
DissolvingPropertyofWater
Thesepropertiesederivefromwaterpolarnature.
2.Howisheatdifferentfromtemperature?
Temperatureisameasurementoftheheatcontentofabody.HeatcontentisenergyexpressedinJoulesorCalories.heatisthermalenergytransferredfromoneobjecttoanotherbecauseofatemperaturedifference。
Thetwoquantitiesarerelatedbyafactorcalledthespecificheatcapacitycp:
H=cp*m*T,wherem=massandT=tempinºK
3.Whydoesicefloat?
WhyisthisfactimportanttothermalconditionsonEarth?
Becausethedensityoficeislessthanthatofwater,whenwaterisinliquidform,thecompositionofmoleculeiscloserthanthatofsolidform.Thespacebetweentheicemoleculesismorethanwatermolecules.sotheiceislighterthanthewaterwiththesamequanlity.
因为水在4℃时密度最大,在海中也是处于最低的位置,因此浮冰下的水,其温度皆高于最表层的冰。
无论气候如何变化,海面下温度都保持一定,因此生物得以生长;另外水的潜热(LatentHeat)高,当冰灾水面上时,需要更多的热量来使冰转化成水,这是一个非常重要的原因。
它使得地球气候得以调节,不至于变化过于剧烈。
(中文意思大概如此,自己用英语转化一下就行了)
4.Howisheattransportedfromtropicalregionstopolarregions?
Waterhelpsmoderateglobaltemperaturesbyredistributingequatorialheatpoleward.Warmcurrentfromtropicalregionsgoestopolarregion;atthesametime,coldcurrentformpolarregiongoestotropicalregions.Inthispossession,heatistransformedfromtropicalregionstopolarregions.
5.Whatfactorsaffectthedensityofwater?
Whydoescoldairorwatertendtosink?
Whatroledoessalinityplay?
⑴Temperature
Aswaterfirstcools,densityincreasesandvolumedecreases
Ifthetemperatureisbelow4℃,densityofwaterdecrease.
WaterBecomesLessDenseWhenItFreezes.soat0℃,iceforms,densitydecreaserapidly.
⑵salinity
Soifweaddsomesaltintopurewater,thedensityofwaterincreases
Coldairorwatertendtosinkbecausetheyaremoredenser.
Moresalinity,moredenser;lesssalinity,lessdenser,attheconditionofsametemperature.sosalinityisoneoffactorsdeterminesthedensity.
6.Howistheoceanstratifiedbydensity?
Whatphysicalfactorsareinvolved?
Whatnamesaregiventotheocean’sdensityzone?
Low–densitywaterexistsnearthesurfaceandhigh-densitywateroccursbelow.Exceptforsomeshallowinlandseaswithahighrateofevaporation,thehighest-densitywaterisfoundatthedeepestoceandepths.
Thefactorsinvolved:
temperature,salinity,pressure
Onlytemperatureandsalinityinfluencethedensityofsurfacewater.pressureinfluencesseawaterdensityonlywhenveryhighpressureareencountered,suchasindeepoceantrenches.
0---200m:
surfacelayer;200m---1km:
pycnoclinelayer;1kmbelow:
deeplayer.
7.Howisthepycnoclinerelatedtothethermoclineandhalocline?
Givethedefinitionsofthesethreelayers.
密度越层(pycnocline)是由温跃层(thermocline)和盐跃层(halocline)二者结合形成的。
即使不同的温度和密度,经过适当的结合也能达到密度相等。
Thermocline:
thedepthwherewaterhasasharptemperaturegradient
Halocline(盐跃层):
thedepthwherethesalinitygradientsaresharp.
密度越层(pycnocline:
Asharpdensitygradientwithdepth.
8.Describethedifferencesbetweentheseasonalthermoclineandpermanentthermocline.
9.Howdoesrefractionpermitsoundtobetransmittedintheoceanforthousandsofmiles?
Soundtransmissionisparticularlyefficient-thatis,soundscanbeheardforgreatdistances-becauserefractiontendstokeepsoundwaveswithinthelayer.
Asthewatercanconcentratesoundwavesinalayer,sothewavecantransmitinonelayer,whichmakesthesoundwavestravelsfaster.Ontheotherhand,thatcanavoidthewavesscatteringtootherlayers,whichavoidsthelossofenergyofsound,sothesoundcantravelfasterandfarther.
10.Whatisthelatentheatofvaporization?
Offusion?
Whichrequiresmoreheattotransferwater’sphysicalstate?
Why?
LatentHeatofVaporizationistheAmountofheatneededtochangefromaliquidtoavapor.
LatentHeatofFusionistheAmountofheatneededtochangefromasolidtoaliquid
Vaporizationrequiresmoreheattotransferwater’sphysicalstatethanfusion.
BecauseAlloftheHbondsbetweenH20moleculesmustbebrokentoformvapor,theHbondsrequiredtobrokenaremorethanfusion,moreenergyisrequiredtoevaporate.
11.Howdoeswater’shighlatentheatinfluencetheocean
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