跨文化总结.docx

跨文化总结.docx

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跨文化总结

Chapter1

1.ThenatureofCulture:

（1）Cultureislikeaniceberg

（2）Cultureisoursoftware（3）Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin（4）Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior

2.Thedefinitionofculture

Cultureisthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notionsoftime,role,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.

3.Thedefinitionofsubcultures

Subculturesexistwithindominantculture,andareoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.

4.Scholarsofdifferentfieldsdefinedculturefromtheirownperspectives

Anthropologicalperspective,psychologicalperspective,sociologicalperspective,interculturalperspective,etc.

5.Ourdefinitionofculture

Wedefinecultureasthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.

6.Characteristicsofculture

（1）cultureislearned

（2）cultureisdynamic（3）cultureispervasive（4）cultureisintegrated（5）cultureisadaptive

（1）cultureislearned：

a.Welearnourculturethroughproverbs

b.Welearnourculturefromfolklorec.Welearnourculturethroughartd.Welearnourculturethroughmassmedia

7.Cultureidentitydefined:

Cultureidentityreferstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.Peopleconsciouslyidentifythemselveswithagroupthathasasharedsystemofsymbolsandmeaningsaswellasnormsforconduct.

8.Formationofcultureidentity

a.unexaminedcultureidentity

b.cultureidentitysearch

c.cultureidentityachievement

9.Characteristicsofcultureidentity

Cultureidentityiscentraltoaperson’ssenseofself

Cultureidentityisdynamic,andone’scultureidentity

Cultureidentityisalsomultifacetedcomponentsoftheirself-concept.

10.thedefinitionofsubculture

Subculturesexistwithindominantculture,andoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.

11.componentsofcommunication

a.sender/sourceb.messagec.encodingd.channele.receiverf.decodingg.feedbackh.noise

12.Inwesternculture,communicationisstudiedasthemeansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication;thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoal.

13.thecomponentsofnoise

a.externalnoise（外界干扰）b.physiologicalnoise（生理干扰）c.psychologicalnoise（心理干扰）d.semanticnoise（语义干扰）

14.thecomponentsofcontext

a.thephysicalcontextb.thesocialcontextc.theinterpersonalcontext.

15.Whatistherelationshipbetweencultureandcommunication

cultureinherently（天性的，固有的）containcommunicationsystems.Communicationandcultureareinseparable.A.culturesgeneratesymbols,rituals（宗教习惯），customs,andformats.

16.Howdoescultureaffectitscommunicationstyle

Eachcultureencouragesaparticularcommunicationstyleexpectedwithinit.Thisimpliesnotonlyusingcorrectsymbols,butalsoapplyingtheappropriatecommunicationstylefortheoccasion.

17.Thedefinitionofinterculturalcommunication

Morepreciselyinterculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

18.Formsofinterculturalcommunication

a.internationalcommunicationb.interracialcommunicationc.interethniccommunicationd.intracultural（同一文化内的）communication

19.thedefinitionofanxietyanduncertainty

a.anxietyoccursbecauseofnotknowingwhatoneisexpectedtodo,andfocusingonthatfeelingandnotbeingtotallypresentinthecommunicationtransaction（事务）.

b.uncertaintyreferstoourcognitiveinabilitytoexplainourownorothers’feelingsandbehaviorsininteractionsbecauseofanambiguous（含糊的，模棱两可的）situationthatevokesanxiety.

20.Strategiestoovercomeanxietyanduncertainty

A.wedirectlygatherinformationthroughverbalinterrogation（询问）orbyaskingourcounterpartsquestionsaboutthemselves.

B.weopenourselvestoourcounterparts（极其相似的人）bydisclosingpersonalinformationthattheydonotknow.

21.Assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference（假定相似性代替差异性）重点考案例分析

Thesecondbarrierisassumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference.Itreferstotheideathatpeoplecomingfromanotherculturearemoresimilartoyouthanactuallyareorthatanotherperson’ssituationismoresimilartoyoursthanitinfactis.（假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此）.

22.Thedefinitionofethnocentrism（民族中心主义）。

Ethnocentrismreferstonegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofone’sownculture.Tobeethnocentricistobelieveinthesuperiorityofone’sownculture.

23.Thedefinitionofstereotyping（文化思维定式）。

Thetermismorebroadlyusedtorefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.

24.Thedefinitionofprejudice（偏见）。

Prejudicereferstotheirrational（无理性的）dislike,suspicion,orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation（性取向）。

25.thedefinitionofracism

Racismisanypolicy,practice,belief,orattitudethatattributesharacteristicsorstatustoindividualsbasedontheirrace.

26.Reasonsforthepersistence（固定）ofethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudiceandracism.

a.socializationb.socialbenefitsc.economicbenefits.d.psychologicalbenefits.

relationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureisthattheyarelikemirrorstoeachother.Eachonereflectsandisreflectedbytheother.

28.fivecomponentsoftranslationproblems

A.lackofvocabularyb.lackofidiomatic习语）equivalencec.lackofgrammatical-syntactical（语法和句法）equivalence

d.lackofexperientialequivalencee.lackofconceptualequivalence

29.Verbalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatingwitheachotherbyusinglanguage.

30.Thelinguisticdeterministinterpretationandthelinguisticrelativityinterpretation.

（1）theviewfromthelinguisticdeterministinterpretationisthatlanguagestructurecontrolsthoughtsandculturalnorms.

（2）Linguisticrelativityholdsthatcultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.

31.Languageasareflectionoftheenvironment.

Languageasareflectionofvalues.

32.Sometimesdifferentculturesuseidenticalwordsthathavedifferentmeanings.Theresultscanbehumorous,annoying,orcostly,dependingonthecircumstances.

distinguishbetweendirectandindirectstyles.

Thedirectandindirectstylesdifferintheextenttowhichcommunicatorsrevealtheirintentionsthroughtheirtoneofvoiceandstraightforwardnessoftheirmessage.Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentions.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtohidethespeaker’sactualintention.

34.elaborate,exactingandsuccinctstyles

（1）Anelaboratestyleemphasizesflashyandembellishedlanguage.（manyArab,middleEastern,andAfro-Americancultures.

（2）Anexactingstyle,wherepersonssaynomoreorlessthanisneeded,isusedbyAmericans.Theytendtopreferanexactingstyleofinteractionconsistentwitha“Justthefacts”mentality.

（3）Asuccinctstyleischaracterizedbytheuseofconcisestatements,understatements,andevensilence.AsuccinctstylecanbefoundinJapan,China,andsomeNativeAmericancultures.

35.thedistinguishofpersonalandcontextualstyles

（1）thepersonalcommunicationstyleisonethatemphasizestheindividualidentityofthespeaker.

（2）acontextualstylehighlightsone’sroleidentityandstatus.

36.instrumentalandaffectivestyle

Aninstrumentalverbalstyleassender-basedandgoal-outcomebased.Theinstrumentalspeakeruserscommunicationtoachievesomegoaloroutcome.

Anaffectivecommunicationstyleisreceiverandprocessoriented.Theaffectivespeakerisconcernednotsomuchwiththeoutcomeofthecommunication,butwiththeprocess.

definitionofdialectsandsociolects（方言和社会方言）

Dialectsrefertogeographicaldifferencesandthesedifferencescanbenational,regionalorlocal.

Sociolectsarealsoanotherformoflinguisticvariation.Infact,somepeopleconsiderasociolectasasocialdialectreferringtoaparticularsocialclass.Indeed,one’ssocialbackgrounddoesinfluenceone’schoiceoflinguisticformsandone’slanguagerevealsone’sidentity.

definitionofpidginandlinguafranca（洋径邦语和通用语）。

Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.

Alinguafrancareferstoaspecificlanguagethatisusedasaninternationalmeansofcommunication.

39.thecharacteristicsofpidginlanguages.

（1）theyhavenonativespeakers

（2）thelinguisticandgrammaticalstructureofpidginlanguagesisalwayssimpleandbasedononeortwootherlanguages.

40.thedefinitionofjargon（行话）

Jargonreferstothespecialortechnicalvocabulariesdevelopedtomeetthespecialneedsofparticularprofessionssuchasmedicineandlaw.

41.fiveverbalcommunicationstyles

Direct/indirect;self-enhancement/self-effacement;（自我夸大自我贬低）elaborate/exacting/succinct（详细阐释严格阐释简单阐释）personal/contextual（个体语境）instrumental/affective（实效主义情感主义）

42.thesignificanceofnonverbalcommunication

Firstnonverbalbehavioraccountsformuchofthemeaningwegetfromconversations.

Second,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecauseitspontaneously（自然而然）ref