古埃及圣书体英译对照.docx
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古埃及圣书体英译对照.docx
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古埃及圣书体英译对照
EgyptianGods
∙AmunandRawereeventuallycombinedintothechiefgodAmun-Ra.
∙Anubis(AnpuinEgyptian)wasagodofthenetherworld.
∙Atenwasthevisiblediskofthesun,worshippedduringthereignofAkhenaton.
∙Atumwasgodofthesettingsun.
∙Bastetwasthecat-headedgoddess.
∙Gebwastheearthgod.
∙HapiwastheNilegod.
∙Hathorwasthelovegoddess,sometimesrepresentedasacow.
∙Horuswastwogods,HorusoftheTwoHorizonsandHorusthesonofOsiris,latercombinedintoonegod.
∙IsiswasthesisterandwifeofOsiris.Thelastsignofhername,asshownhere,isactuallythesignforHathor.Isisoftenisshownwiththatcrown,too(withcowshornsaroundasun).OftenIsisisshownwithherthrone(thefirstsymbolofhername)onherhead.
∙Kheperiwastherisingsun.
∙Khnumwastheram-headedgod,whocreatedhumanbeings.
∙Maatwasthegoddessoftruthandjustice.
∙Minwasthegodoffertility.
∙Montwasthewargod.
∙MutwasAmun'swife.
∙Nutwastheskygoddess.
∙Osiriswasthekingofthenetherworld.
∙Ptahwasthefatherofthegods.
∙Ra(Re)wasthesungodandcreatoroftheuniverse.
∙Ra-HarakhtiwasalsocalledHarakhtiorHorusofthetwohorizons
∙SethwasbrotherandkillerofOsiris.
∙Shuwasgoddessofthesky.
∙Sobekwasthecrocodilegod.
∙TefnutorTefenetwasthelion-headedgoddess.
∙Thoth(DjehutiinEgyptian)wasthescribeofthegods.
SomeFamousKingsOfEgypt
namesareallsurroundedbycartouches.Normally,onlykings,queens,andsometimeshighpriestshadcartouchesaroundtheirnames.Insideacartouche,thesignsaremainlyphoneticsigns,spellingoutthekingsname,sometimesfollowedbyafewsignsdescribingtheking.
Thekinghastwomainnames.Thefirstonelistedaboveiscalledhisprenomen.ThisusuallyfollowsawordshowingthatheisKingoftheTwoLands(upperandlowerEgypt).Theothernameishisnomen,orgivenname.Thisnameusuallyfollowstheword"sonofRa."Wenormallyknowthekingbyhisnomen,orbytheGreekversionofhisnomen.
Inthislist,weseetheking'sname,asitiswrittennowadays,followedbyhieroglyphicsshowinghisprenomen,andthenhisnomen.Weknowthesekingsbytheirnomens.But,monumentsandpapyrusesoftengiveonlytheprenomen.Andtheprenomenisnormallyhowyoucandistinguishtwokingswiththesamenomen.
HerearethetwomainnamesofTutankhamen,withthesignsshowingthatheisKingofUpperandLowerEgypt,thenhisname(Nebkheperura),andthenthesignsshowingthatheisSonofRa,thenhisnameTutankhamen(endinginthreesymbolssayingthatherulesUpperandLowerEgypt):
Insomeoftheabovenames,thenameofagodappearsfirst,butispronouncedlater,asinTutankhamen,whichbeginswiththewordforthegod"Amun".ThetwonamesshownforAugustusare"Autocrator"and"Caesar".
TheRosettaStone
©Copyright2000,JimLoy
TheRosettaStonewastheoriginalkeytothedeciphermentofhieroglyphics.Itwasadamagedstone(muchofthetopismissing),foundbyNapoleon'sinvadingarmy,atRosetta(apparentlyFrenchforRashid)innorthernEgypt,in1799.ItwascapturedbytheBritishwhilestillinEgypt,andisnowintheBritishMuseum.Itisastela(orstele,astonewithwritingcarvedonit)withthesamemessage(adecreefromPtolemyV)repeatedthreetimes,inhieroglyphics(LateEgyptian),inDemotic(anotherversionofEgyptian),andinGreek.Thefirst26orsolinesaremissingfromthehieroglyphicpart.TheRosettaStoneenabledChampollionandotherstofinallymakeprogressdecipheringhieroglyphics.Hereareall14lines,asbestIcandofromexaminingphotographs(withafewquestionmarksforsignsthatIcouldn'tfigureout):
Therearemanyfamiliarwordshere(SeeMyEgyptianHieroglyphicDictionary).AfewofthewordsarenotfoundinanyMiddleEgyptiandictionary,becausethisisLateEgyptian.Afewwordsarespelleddifferently(
and
isspelledbackwardseverytime).Andafewwordsaremisspelled.TheEgyptianlanguagewasveryfreewhenitcametospelling.Butsomeofthewordsabovearebadlymisspelled,mostlywithmissingsigns.AnexampleisthelastspellingofPtolemy(line14),whichismissingasign.
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