莎士比亚十四行诗18分析.docx
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莎士比亚十四行诗18分析.docx
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莎士比亚十四行诗18分析
莎士比亚所处的英国伊莉莎白时代是爱情诗的盛世,写十四行诗更是一种时髦。
莎士比亚的十四行诗无疑是那个时代的佼佼者,其十四行诗集更是流传至今,魅力不减。
他的十四行诗一扫当时诗坛的矫柔造作、绮艳轻糜、空虚无力的风气。
据说,莎士比亚的十四行诗是献给两个人的:
前126首献给一个贵族青年,后面的献给一个黑肤女郎。
这首诗是十四行诗集中的第18首,属前者。
也有人说,他的十四行诗是专业的文学创作。
当然,这些无关宏旨,诗歌本身是伟大的。
莎士比亚的十四行诗总体上表现了一个思想:
爱征服一切。
他的诗充分肯定了人的价值、赞颂了人的尊严、个人的理性作用。
诗人将抽象的概念转化成具体的形象,用可感可见的物质世界,形象生动地阐释了人文主义的命题。
诗的开头将“你”和夏天相比较。
自然界的夏天正处在绿的世界中,万物繁茂地生长着,繁阴遮地,是自然界的生命最昌盛的时刻。
那醉人的绿与鲜艳的花一道,将夏天打扮得五彩缤纷、艳丽动人。
但是,“你”却比夏天可爱多了,比夏天还要温婉。
五月的狂风会作践那可爱的景色,夏天的期限太短,阳光酷热地照射在繁阴班驳的大地上,那熠熠生辉的美丽不免要在时间的流动中凋残。
这自然界最美的季节和“你”相比也要逊色不少。
而“你”能克服这些自然界的不足。
“你”在最灿烂的季节不会凋谢,甚至“你”美的任何东西都不会有所损失。
“你”是人世的永恒,“你”会让死神的黑影在遥远的地方停留,任由死神的夸口也不会死去。
“你”是什么?
“你”与人类同在,你在时间的长河里不朽。
那人类精神的精华——诗,是你的形体吗?
或者,你就是诗的精神,就是人类的灵魂。
诗歌在形式上一改传统的意大利十四行诗四四三三体,而是采用了四四四二体:
在前面充分地发挥表达的层次,在充分的铺垫之后,用两句诗结束全诗,点明主题。
全诗用新颖巧妙的比喻,华美而恰当的修饰使人物形象鲜明、生气鲜活。
诗人用形象的表达使严谨的逻辑推理变得生动有趣、曲折跌宕,最终巧妙地得出了人文主义的结论。
TheAuthor:
WilliamShakespeare(/ˈʃeɪkspɪər/;26April1564(baptised) –23April1616)wasanEnglishpoet,playwrightandactor,widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld'spre-eminentdramatist
.HeisoftencalledEngland'snationalpoetandthe"BardofAvon".Hisextantworks,includingsomecollaborations,consistofabout38plays,154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoems,andafewotherverses,theauthorshipofsomeofwhichisuncertain.Hisplayshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguageandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywright.
ShakespearewasbornandbroughtupinStratford-upon-Avon.Attheageof18,hemarriedAnneHathaway,withwhomhehadthreechildren:
Susanna,andtwinsHamnetandJudith.Between1585and1592,hebeganasuccessfulcareerinLondonasanactor,writer,andpart-ownerofaplayingcompanycalledtheLordChamberlain'sMen,laterknownastheKing'sMen.HeappearstohaveretiredtoStratfordaround1613atage49,wherehediedthreeyearslater.FewrecordsofShakespeare'sprivatelifesurvive,andtherehasbeenconsiderablespeculationaboutsuchmattersashisphysicalappearance,sexuality,religiousbeliefs,andwhethertheworksattributedtohimwere
writtenbyothers.
Shakespeareproducedmostofhisknownworkbetween1589and1613.Hisearlyplaysweremainlycomediesandhistoriesandtheseworksremainregardedassomethebestworkproducedinthesegenreseventoday.Hethenwrotemainlytragediesuntilabout1608,includingHamlet,KingLear,Othello,andMacbeth,consideredsomeofthefinestworksintheEnglishlanguage.Inhislastphase,hewrotetragicomedies,alsoknownasromances,andcollaboratedwithotherplaywrights.
Manyofhisplayswerepublishedineditionsofvaryingqualityandaccuracyduringhislifetime.In1623,JohnHemingesandHenryCondell,twofriendsandfellowactorsofShakespeare,publishedtheFirstFolio,acollectededitionofhisdramaticworksthatincludedallbuttwooftheplaysnowrecognisedasShakespeare's.ItwasprefacedwithapoembyBenJonson,inwhichShakespeareishailed,presciently,as"notofanage,butforalltime".
Shakespearewasarespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,buthisreputationdidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthe19thcentury.TheRomantics,inparticular,acclaimedShakespeare'sgenius,andtheVictoriansworshippedShakespearewithareverencethatGeorgeBernardShawcalled"bardolatry".[8]Inthe20thcentury,hisworkwasrepeatedlyadoptedandrediscoveredbynewmovementsinscholarshipandperformance.Hisplaysremainhighlypopulartodayandareconstantlystudied,performed,andreinterpretedindiverseculturalandpoliticalcontextsthroughouttheworld.
ItisnotknownexactlywhenShakespearebeganwriting,butcontemporaryallusionsandrecordsofperformancesshowthatseveralofhisplayswereontheLondonstageby1592.[30]Bythen,hewassufficientlywellknowninLondontobeattackedinprintbytheplaywrightRobertGreeneinhisGroats-WorthofWit:
...thereisanupstartCrow,beautifiedwithourfeathers,thatwithhisTiger'sheartwrappedinaPlayer'shide,supposesheisaswellabletobombastoutablankverseasthebestofyou:
andbeinganabsoluteJohannesfactotum,isinhisownconceittheonlyShake-sceneinacountry.
Scholarsdifferontheexactmeaningofthesewords,butmostagreethatGreeneisaccusingShakespeareofreachingabovehisrankintryingtomatchuniversity-educatedwriterssuchasChristopherMarlowe,ThomasNasheandGreenehimself(the"universitywits").Theitalicisedphraseparodyingtheline"Oh,tiger'sheartwrappedinawoman'shide"fromShakespeare'sHenryVI,Part3,alongwiththepun"Shake-scene",identifiesShakespeareasGreene'starget.HereJohannesFactotum—"Jackofalltrades"—meansasecond-ratetinkererwiththeworkofothers,ratherthanthemorecommon"universalgenius".
Greene'sattackistheearliestsurvivingmentionofShakespeare'scareerinthetheatre.Biographerssuggestthathiscareermayhavebegunanytimefromthemid-1580stojustbeforeGreene'sremarks.
[35]From1594,Shakespeare'splayswereperformedbyonlytheLordChamberlain'sMen,acompanyownedbyagroupofplayers,includingShakespeare,thatsoonbecametheleadingplayingcompanyinLondon.[36]AfterthedeathofQueenElizabethin1603,thecompanywasawardedaroyalpatentbythenewking,JamesI,andchangeditsnametotheKing'sMen.[37]
In1599,apartnershipofcompanymembersbuilttheirowntheatreonthesouthbankoftheRiverThames,whichtheycalledtheGlobe.In1608,thepartnershipalsotookovertheBlackfriarsindoortheatre.RecordsofShakespeare'spropertypurchasesandinvestmentsindicatethatthecompanymadehimawealthyman.[38]In1597,heboughtthesecond-largesthouseinStratford,NewPlace,andin1605,heinvestedinashareoftheparishtithesinStratford.[39]
SomeofShakespeare'splayswerepublishedinquartoeditionsfrom1594.By1598,hisnamehadbecomeasellingpointandbegantoappearonthe
titlepages.[40]Shakespearecontinuedtoactinhisownandotherplaysafterhissuccessasaplaywright.The1616editionofBenJonson'sWorksnameshimonthecastlistsforEveryManinHisHumour(1598)andSejanusHisFall(1603).[41]Theabsenceofhisnamefromthe1605castlistforJonson'sVolponeistakenbysomescholarsasasignthathisactingcareerwasnearingitsend.[42]TheFirstFolioof1623,however,listsShakespeareasoneof"thePrincipalActorsinallthesePlays",someofwhichwerefirststagedafterVolpone,althoughwecannotknowforcertainwhichrolesheplayed.[43]In1610,JohnDaviesofHerefordwrotethat"goodWill"played"kingly"roles.[44]In1709,RowepasseddownatraditionthatShakespeareplayedtheghostofHamlet'sfather.[45]LatertraditionsmaintainthathealsoplayedAdaminAsYouLikeItandtheChorusinHenryV,[46]thoughscholarsdoubtthesourcesoftheinformation.[47]
ShakespearedividedhistimebetweenLondonandStratfordduringhiscareer.In1596,theyearbeforeheboughtNewPlaceashisfamilyhomeinStratford,ShakespearewaslivingintheparishofSt.Helen's,
Bishopsgate,northoftheRiverThames.[48][49]HemovedacrosstherivertoSouthwarkby1599,theyearhiscompanyconstructedtheGlobeTheatrethere.[48][50]By1604,hehadmovednorthoftheriveragain,toanareanorthofStPaul'sCathedralwithmanyfinehouses.ThereherentedroomsfromaFrenchHuguenotnamedChristopherMountjoy,amakerofladies'wigsandotherheadgear.[51]
Lateryearsanddeath
Rowewasthefirstbiographertorecordthetradition,repeatedbyJohnson,thatShakespeareretiredtoStratford'someyearsbeforehisdeath'.[52][53]HewasstillworkingasanactorinLondonin1608;inananswertothesharers'petitionin1635CuthbertBurbagestatedthatafterpurchasingtheleaseoftheBlackfriarsTheatrein1608fromHenryEvans,theKing'sMen'placedmenplayers'there,'whichwereHeminges,Condell,Shakespeare,etc.'.
[54]HoweveritisperhapsrelevantthatthebubonicplagueragedinLondonthroughout1609.[55][56]TheLondonpublicplayhouseswererepeatedlyclosedduringextendedoutbreaksoftheplague(atotalofover60monthsclosurebetweenMay1603andFebruary1610),[57]whichmeanttherewasoftennoactingwork.Retirementfromallworkwasuncommonatthattime.[58]ShakespearecontinuedtovisitLondonduringtheyears1611–1614.[52]In1612,hewascalledasawitnessinBellottv.Mountjoy,acourtcaseconcerningthemarriagesettlementofMountjoy'sdaughter,Mary.[59]InMarch1613heboughtagatehouseintheformerBlackfriarspriory;[60]andfromNovember1614hewasinLondonforseveralweekswithhisson-in-law,JohnHall.[61]After1610,Shakespearewrotefewerplays,andnoneareattributedtohimafter1613.[62]Hislastthreeplayswerecollaborations,probablywithJohnFletcher,[63]whosucceededhimasthehouseplaywrightfortheKing'sMen.[64]
Shakespearediedon23April1616,attheageof52.[65]Hediedwithinamonthofsigninghiswill,adocumentwhichhebeginsbydescribinghimselfasbeingin“perfecthealth”.Thereisnoextantcontemporarysourcethatexplainshoworwhyhedied.Afterhalfacenturyhadpassed,JohnWard,thevicarofStratford,wroteinhisnotebook:
“Shakespeare,DraytonandBenJonsonhadamerrymeetingand,itseems,dranktoohard,forShakespearediedofafevertherecontracted.”[66][67]Thisisnotimpossible,forShakespeareknewJonsonandDrayton.Ofthetributesthatstartedtocomefromfellowauthors,onereferstohisrelativelyearlydeath:
“Wewondered,Shakespeare,thatthouwent’stsosoon/Fromtheworld’sstagetothegrave’stiringroom.”[68]
Hewassurvivedbyhiswifeandtwodaughters.Susannahadmarriedaphysician,JohnHall,in1607,[69]andJudithhadmarriedThomasQuiney,avintner,tw
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