英语语言学期末温习.docx
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英语语言学期末温习.docx
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英语语言学期末温习
Chapter5Semantics
1.Definition
1.命名论Thenamingtheory
ProposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor,sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.(缺点:
仅限于名词)
2.意念论TheconceptualistviewOgdenandRichards
Itholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.
3.语境论Conceptualism
It’sbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Herearetwokindsofcontext:
thesituationalandthelinguisticcontext.
4.行为主义论Behaviorism
Itreferstotheattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.Thistheorysomewhatclosetoconceptualismemphasizesonthepsychologicalresponse.
2.Lexicalmeaning:
Sense:
itisconcernedwithinherentmeaningoflinguisticform;itisthecollectionofallfeaturesoflinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.
Reference:
itmeansthelinguisticformreferstothereal,physicalworld.Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
3.Mainsenserelations
1.同义词Synonymy
Itreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningorwecansaythatwordsarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
(1)Dialectalsynonyms—synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects(方言)
BritishAmerica
autumnfall
flatapartment
(2)Stylisticsynonyms---Synonymsdifferinginstyle(文体)
Oldmandaddyfathermaleparent
(3)Synonymsthatdifferentintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning(情感)CollaboratorVSAccomplice
(4)Collocationalsynonyms(搭配)
AccuseVSCharge(accuse…of;charge…with)
RottentomatoesVSAddledeggs
(5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms(语义)
AmazeVSAstound
2.多义词Polysemy
Itreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning;thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.
Ball:
1.anroundobjectusedingame.
2.alargeformalsocialeventatwhichpeopledance.
3.同音(形)异义Homonymy
Itreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavedifferentmeaningshavethesameform,.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
1).Homophones同音异义
Itreferstotwowordsareidenticalinsound..rain/reign.
2).Homographs同形异义
Itreferstotwowordsareidenticalinform..tearv./tearn.
3).Completehomonyms同形同音
Itreferstowordsthatarebothidenticalinsoundandspelling..tearv./tearn.
4.上下义关系Hyponymy
Itreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.Superordinate:
animal
Subordinate:
cat,dog,tiger,lion,wolf,elephant,fox,bear,
5.反义词Antonymy
Itisthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondifferentdimension.
a)gradable:
品级反义词old-young
b)complementary:
互补反义词male-female
c)relational:
关系反义词father-sonbuy-sell
4.Sentencesenserelations:
1).XissynonymouswithY(同义)
.Heisabachelorallhislife.
Henevermarriedallhislife.
2).XisinconsistentwithY(不一致/反义)
.Johnismarried
Johnisabachelor.
3).XentailsY.(YisanentailmentofX)(包括于)
.HehasbeentoFrance.
HehasbeentoEurope.
4).XpresupposeY(Y是X的先决条件)
.John’sbikeneedsrepairing.
Johnhasabike.
5).Xisacontradiction(X是一个矛盾句)
.Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.
6).Xissemanticallyanomalous.(语义异样)
.Thetablehasbadintensions.
5.Analysisofmeaning
1.ComponentialAnalysis成份分析法----分析辞汇抽象意义
It’sawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Thisapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatmeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.
.Man=Adult+Male+Animate+Human
2.PredicationAnalysis述谓结构分析(由BritishLinguist提出)
It’sanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.Predicationisusuallyconsideredanimportantcommoncategorysharedbypropositions,questions,commandsetc.(通过对论元argument和谓语predicate的分析,达到对句子意义进行分析的许多模式中的一种.)
3.先设前提Presupposition
It’sasemanticrelationshiporlogicalconnection.ApresupposesB.
4.蕴涵Entailment
EntailmentcanbeillustratedbythefollowingtwosentencesinwhichsentenceAentailssentenceB.
A:
Markmarriedablondeheiress.
B:
Markmarriedablonde.
第6章pragmatics
本章要点:
1.speechacttheory言语行为的理论
2.cooperativeprincipleanditsmaxims合作原则及其准则
antheoryofconventionalimplicature格莱斯会话含义理论
本章考点:
语用学的概念;语义学与语用学的区别;语境与意义;言语行为理论(发话行为、行事行为和取效行为);合作原则。
实例分析言语行为、合作原则的违背和会话含义。
本章内容索引:
1.PragmaticsDefinitionPragmatics&semanticsContext
Sentencemeaningvsutterancemeaning
2.Speechacttheory
Austin’smodelofspeechacts
Searl’sclassificationofspeechacts
Indirectspeechacts
3.Principleofconversion
CooperativeprincipleanditsmaximsViolationofthemaxims
4.Conversationalimplicature
Definition:
CharacteristicsofconversationalimplicativeCalculabilityCancellabilityNon-detachabilityNon-conventionality
5.Cross-culturalpragmaticsfailure
1.Pragmatics
Definition:
Itisthestudyofspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
Pragmatics&semantics
Ifthecontextwastakenintothestudyofmeaning,thenthestudycallspragmatics.
Context
A:
Definition:
Itisgenerallyconsideredastheknowledgethatsharedbythespeakerandhearer.
B:
Significance:
Itdeterminesthespeaker’suseoflanguageandthehearer’sinterpretationofwhatissaidtohim.Withcontext,thecommunicationwouldachievesatisfactoryresult.
SentencemeaningvsUtterancemeaning句子意义和话语意义
Sentencemeaning:
abstractandde-contextualized.
Utterancemeaning:
concreteandcontextdependent,andbasedonsentencemeaning.
2.Speechacttheory
Austin’smodelofspeechacts为):
A:
anactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Literalmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.
B:
Anillocutionaryact(言外行为):
anactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.
C:
Anperlocutionaryact(言后行为):
anactofperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;theconsequenceorchangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;
Searl’s(瑟尔)classificationofspeechacts
A:
Representatives(论述类):
statingordescribing,sayingsomethingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue.陈述,相信,立誓Eg:
IswearIhaveneverseenthemanbefore.
B:
directive(指令类):
Tryingtogetthehearertodosomething.advise,ask,beseech,command,demand,order,request,tell,:
openthedoor!
C:
Commissives(许诺类):
committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.commit,consent,guarantee,offer,pledge,promise,refuse,threaten..:
Ipromisetocome!
D:
Expressives(表达类):
expressingthefeelingorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.apologize,boast,congratulate,deplore,regret,thank,welcomeEg:
IamsorryforthemessIhavemade.aboutimmediatechangebysayingsomething.
E:
Declarations(宣告类):
bringaboutimmediatechangebysayingsomething.appoint,bless,christen,declare,name,nominate,resign..:
Ifireyou.
Indirectspeechacts(developedbySearl)
Twospeechacts:
Theprimary:
speaker’sgoalofcommunication
Thesecond:
meansbywhichheachieveshisgoal.
3.Principleofconversion
Cooperativeprincipleanditsmaxims(PaulGrice)
A:
themaximofquantity量的准则:
(youarewhatyousay)
Makeyourcontributioninformativeasrequired,notmoreinformativethanrequired.
B:
themaximofquality质的准则:
Tautologies(意思重复)
Donotsaysomethingyoubelieveisfalse,orsomethingislakeofevidence.
C:
themaximofrelation关系准则:
Berelevant.
D:
themaximofmanner方式准则:
Avoidobscurity,ambiguity,bebriefandorderly.
Violationofthemaxims通过实例分析违背准则。
4.Conversationalimplicature
Definition:
Characteristicsofconversationalimplicative
●Cancellability/defeasibility
Thismeansthatanimplicaturecanbecancelled.Thefeatureallowsthespeakertoimplysomethingandthendenythatimplicature.A:
Let'shaveadrink.
B:
It'snotoneo'clockyet.(Implyingwecandrinkafteroneo'clock)
A:
Ididn'tsaythatyoucoulddrinkafteroneo'clock.Isaidthatyoucouldn'tdrinkbefore.(theimplicaturedisappears)
●Non-detachability
Thismeansthatanimplicatureisattachedtothesemanticcontentofwhatissaid,nottolinguisticform.Thereforeimplicaturescannotbedetachedfromanutterancesimplybychangingthewordsforsynonymsorinotherwordsbyrelexicalizationorreformulation.
Forexample,ifeveryoneknowsthatBobisanidiot,saying"Bobisagenius"toconveytheoppositemeaning"Bobisterriblyfoolish,hecanchooseanyofthefollowingsynonymousexpressionstomaintainthesameimplicature:
a)Bobisamentalprodigy.
b)Bobisanexceptionallycleverhumanbeing.
c)Bobisanenormousintellect.
d)Bobisabigbrain.
●Calculability/derivability
Thismeansthatanimplicatureiscalculable,thatistosay,itcanbeworkedoutfromtheliteralmeaningorthesenseoftheutteranceontheonehand,andtheCooperativePrincipleanditsmaximsontheotherhand.
●Non-conventionality
Thisistosaythatconversationalimplicaturesarenotconventional,thatis,notpartoftheconventionalmeaningoflinguisticexpressions.
Butweshouldnoticethatwhatbeginsasaconversationalimplicaturemaybecomethemeaningofalexicalitemorlinguisticexpression.Forexample:
"Gotothebathroom"originallymeantGoingtoWCasaneuphemism,butnowhasbecomeconventionalized.Wedon’thavetoderivetheimplicaturebytheCPbutbyconvention.
5.Cross-culturalpragmaticsfailure
第7章languagechanges语言转变
本章要点:
1.Phonologicalchange音系转变
2.Morphologicalandsyntacticchange形态和句
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- 英语 语言学 期末 温习