托福听力语音识别填空练习答案.docx

托福听力语音识别填空练习答案.docx

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托福听力语音识别填空练习答案

Speech1

The_1____Greekword___________for“man”is“anthropos”andtheword

_2______anthropology___________hasbeenintheEnglishlanguage_3_forcenturies_______.But

justwhatdoesthewordmean?

Literallyanthropologymeans

“__4_thestudyofman_______”However,asBritish_5_philosopher_______Alfred

NorthWhitehead_6__noted__________,“Itisawellfoundedhistorical

generalizationthat_7_thelastthingtobediscovered___inanyscienceiswhat

scienceisreallyabout”AndasPaulBohannan,_8_renownedanthropologist____________,pointed

outanumberofyearsago,“Eachsciencethatdealswithpeoplehasitsown

_9__definitions_____ofhuman.An_10__economist__________,“heexplains,”definesa

humanasa_11_choice-making_____________animal.Philosophers_12_define__________man

asa_13__rationalizing_________animal…”Anthropology___14___attempts______tobe

all-inclusive-thestudyofhuman_15__behavior_________inallplacesandthroughout

time.It_16_specializes________inthe_17_describtion______of_18____humanistic,scientific,biological,historical,psychological,andsocialviewsofhumans._____________________.

Now,to_19_paraphrase_________BarbaraMiller’sstatementinhertextbook,cultural

anthropology,thepopularimpressionofanthropologyis_20_basedmainly___on

moviesandtelevisionshowsthat_21__anticipated_______anthropologistsas

adventurersandheroes.Somedohaveadventuresanddiscovertreasuresin

Egyptian_22__tombs____________andelsewhere,but_23_mostly________,theirworkis

less_24_glamourous_______andinvolves_25__repetitive___and_26_tedious___activities.

Untilaroundthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,anthropologywasaterm

usedforallhumanists._27__Mylecturetodayexplainsthefieldsandbranchesofanthropology_____.

We’regoingto_28_beginby____statingthatanthropologyisthestudyof

humanbehaviorinallplacesandatalltimes.

Western_29__civilizations_takescreditforthedevelopmentofanthropology,

which,_30____asamatteroffact___,wasarelativelylatescience.EarlierGreekand

Romanphilosophersweremoreinterestedin_31__speculating____abouttheideal

society_32___ratherthan_____describingthoseknowntothem.

Afterthe__33_onset____oftheAgeofExploration,whichincludedthe

discoveryoftheAmericas,aswellastraveltootherdistantplaces,thestudyof

non-westernpeoplebeganinearnest.Inmodernday,anthropologyisa

recognized_34__socialscience____withtwo__35__broadfields__and

several_36__branchesorsub-fields____.

Thetwobroadfieldsare_37_physical_________anthropologyand

_38__cultural_anthropology.Letmegiveyoua_39___briefdescription__of

each.Physicalanthropologyisconcernedwiththedevelopmentofmanas

a_40__mammal__.Relatedsubjectsare_41__anatomy___,biology,and

paleontology.Physicalanthropologistsstudythe_42_evolution__ofthe

human_43__species__.Onewaytheydothisisbythecomparative

analysisoffossils-preserved_44__remanence____ofonce-livingcreaturesand

living_45_primates___,whichincludehumanbeingsorHomosapiens.Common

_46__fossils__areshells,bones,andmoldsorimprints.Thesearefound

buriedintheearthor_47__permanentlyfrozeninglaciers_____.Livingprimates

areanalyzedinordertostudythemechanicsofevolutionand

_48_genetic_differencesamonghumanpopulations.

Nextlet’stalkaboutculturalanthropology.Thisfieldisthestudyoflearned

behaviorinhumansocieties.Mostculturalanthropologistslimitthemselvesto

afew_49_geographicareas___,_50__forexample___,MargaretMeadinSamoa

andNewGuinea,andClydeKluckhohnwiththeNavajoIndiansinthe

southwesternUnitedStates.IshouldmentionthatKluckhohn’sworkMirrorfor

Manisconsidered_51_oneofthebestintroductionstoanthropology______.Cultural

anthropologyandthe_52__scientific_______studyofhumanculturewillbediscussed

inmoredetailinournextlecture.Thesubfieldsofculturalanthropology

are_53___archeology,linguisticsandethnography._.

Archaeologyisthestudyofdifferentculturesthroughmaterialsourcesrather

thandirect_54___interviewsorobservations____ofthegroupunderstudy._55_oneexample__of

afamousarchaeologicalsitediscoveredinthepastcenturywasKingTut’s

TombnearLuxor,Egypt,in1922.

Linguistics,asyouprobablyknow,isthestudyoflanguageas

_56__communication_____amonghumans.Cultureislearnedand

_57_transmitted__primarilythroughlanguage.

Ethnographyisthesystematicdescriptionofhumansocieties,58_mostly_____based

onfirsthandfieldwork.Basedonethnographies,anthropologistsprovide

ethnologiesorexplanationsofthebehaviorofdifferentpeoples.Asecond

subfieldofethnographyissocialanthropology.Socialanthropologyis

_59_concernedwithpeople_____associalbeings.Arelatedsubjectis,ofcourse,

sociology.

Letmealsomentionbrieflypsychologicalanthropology,whichdealswith

human_60_personalityandfeelings_____________.Thesearegreatlyinfluencedbyanindividual’s

biologicaland_61__mental________characteristics,aswellasphysical

surroundingsandpersonal_62_experiences____.Relatedsubjectsarepsychology

andpsychiatry.

Itisimportanttonotethatthereareseveral_63_univesals__________commonamong

allsocieties;_64_forexample__________,thebasicsimilaritiesinhumanbiologyandthe

existenceoftwosexes.Anotheroftheseiseducationeitherformalorinformal

orboth.Educationisnecessarytoprovidetheyoungwiththe

_65__skillsandattitudes___neededtocarryonas_66_adults_______.

So,youmightask,whatarethepracticalapplicationsforsuchabroadfield?

Theansweristhatanthropologyhelpsus_67_planthefield____andhelpsus

contributetothe_68_solutions__________ofhumanproblems.Thisnewestareaofthe

studyofmanisappliedanthropology._69_aformally___,anthropologywas

limitedtotheacademicfield.Anthropologistswereteachersormuseum

curators.Butforthepastseveral_70_decades________largenumbersof“anthro”

graduateshavebeenemployedinfieldssuchas_71__urban__planningand

administration,_72__healthcare____,andinternationaldevelopment.Most

importantisthatalthoughanthropologistshavetakenupthetaskof

documentingthe_73_processesandchanges____ofculturespastandpresent,they

alsoprovidethenecessaryinsightinto_74_wherethehumanspeciesishiding___.

Speech2

Letmebeginthelecturetodaybyasking,_1_whatexactlyisculture_This

questionhasbeen_2_approached_____byanthropologistsinmanydifferentways.

Murdock,_3_forexample__,inoutlineofworldcultures,producedwhatmany

havecalledthe_4_theultimatelaundrylist___ofthingscultural,bynaming900-odd

_5_categories______ofhumanbehavior.Iwon’t_6_attempt____togointotheseatthistime.

Anotherless_7______lististhefamous“grocerylist”ofEdwardB.Tyler.He

wrote,“cultureisthat_8_complex_____wholewhichincludesknowledge,

_9_belief,art,morals____,custom,andanyother_10_capabilities__andhabits

acquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Butanother_11_definition___of

culturethatmanyfindusefulis,“the_12_totality___oflearned,socially

transmittedbehavior.”Obviouslythisdefinitionleavesoutmuchifwefeel

_13_obligated__toincludeallthewaysoflifethathavebeenevolvedbypeople

ineverysociety.

Aparticularculture,then,wouldmeanthetotalsharedwayoflifeofagiven

group.Thiswouldincludetheirwaysofthinking,acting,andfeelingas

reflectedintheir_14_religion__,law,language,art,andcustoms,aswellas

concretethingssuchas_15_houses,clothingandtools__.Culturalanthropologyis

thestudyofcultures-livinganddead.Initstotality,itincludeslinguistics,the

studyofspeechforms,_16__archaeology____（thestudyofdeadcultures）,

and_17__ethnology__,whichisthestudyoflivingculturesorthosethatcanbe

observeddirectly.

Whystudyculturalanthropology?

OnereasonnotedbyRuthBenedict,

anotherwell-knownanthropologist,isthatthestoryofhumanityfromtheStone

Agetothepresentissuchafascinatingoneofculturalgrowth.Interestingly,

everysocietyhasgonethroughthree_18_stages_orstepsofculturalgrowth.

Thesearesavagery,barbarism,andfinally,civilization.Thelastis,ofcourse,

tovaryingdegrees.

Weareoftenremindedofanother_19_compelling___reasontolearnabout

differentcultures-tolearnanduseaforeignlanguageeffectively.Mostofus

realizethatjustknowingthelanguageofanothercultureisnotenough

for_20__meaningfulcommunication__.Youcanaskanyonewhohastriedto

usetheirhighschoolSpanishinsideaSpanish-speakingcountry.

NedSeelye,inhis1993bookTeachingCulture,listssix_21_skills__tonurture

andsupportinterculturalcommunication:

Number1:

Cultivate_22_curiosity__aboutanothercultureandempathytoward

itsmembers.

Number2:

Recognizethatdifferentrolesandothersocialvariablessuchas

age,sex,socialclass,religion,ethnicity,and_23_placeofresidence___affecttheway

peoplespeakandbehave.

Number3:

Realizethateffectivecommunicationrequiresdiscoveringthe

culturally_24__conditionedimagesofpeople___whentheythink,act,andreacttothe

worldaroundthem.

Number4:

Recognizethatsituational_25_variablesandconventions__shape

people’sbehaviorinimportantways.

Number5:

Understandthatpeoplegenerallyactthewaytheydobecausethey

are_26_excisingtheoptions__theirsocietyallowsforsatisfyingbasic

physicalandpsychologicalneeds.

And,finally,number6:

Deve