国际航运业务英语与函电.docx
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国际航运业务英语与函电.docx
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国际航运业务英语与函电
Lesson1
1.Businessletterhavetwopurpose:
toinform,andtoorganize
2.Thegeneralprinciplefortheeffectivebusinessletter-writingcanbesummedupinthe“threeC`s”.intheotherwords,lettersshouldbe:
clearness、conciseness、courtesy、correctness、completeness、consideration(the“you”attitude)
Lesson2
AbusinessletterinEnglishgenerallyconsistsofeightmainparts:
1.Heading(Letterhead)
2.Date:
英(日月年);美(月日年)
3.InsideNameandAddress
4.Salutation(称呼)
5.SubjectLine(Caption)
6.Bodyofletter
7.ComplimentaryClose
Salutationclose
英式:
DearSirs/Sir/Madamyoursfaithfully
DearMr/Mrs/Miss/MsSmithyourssincerely
美式:
Gentlemensincerely/trulyyours
8.Signature
Lesson3applications
Whenyouwriteanapplicationletter,asarule,
Thefirststepistostateyourelevantinformationandrequirementstothepartyconcernedinclearandstraightforwardsentence.
Thesecondstepistoputinyourrequesttothemforassistancewithcourtesy.
Thelaststepistoexpressyourdesirethattheabovementionedrequestwillbefullycompliedwithwithoutdelay.
Lesson5personalinjuryanddeath
Thereportofpersonalinjuryanddeathshouldincludethefollowingpoints:
1.Theexacttimeandplaceoftheaccidentandidentityofthepersonainjured
2.Theconditionsatthetimeoftheaccidentandexplanationofwhethertheybroughtabouttheaccident
3.Descriptionoftheaccidentandnatureofinjuries,statingthetreatmentadministeredtotheinjuredpersononboardand/orshore
4.Analysisofthecauseoftheaccident,ascertainingwheretheresponsibilitylies
5.Namesofthewitnessestotheaccident,includingcrewmembers,ifany,andadrawingorphotographoftheareawheretheaccidentoccurred
Lesson7cargowork
Thechiefofficershouldtakeintoconsiderationthefollowingprinciplesinthehandingofstowageandcarriageofcargo
1.Themostefficientuseofspace:
Thisismeansthateverycubicfootofship`sspacemustbeutilizedtothebestadvantageandthebrokenstowagereducedtotheminimum
2.Thehighestpossibleportspeed
Thedistributionofcargointheholdsmustbesuchastoassistcorrectandspeedycargohandling.Itiscustomarytostowthecargoinreverseorderoftheintendeddischargetoavoidrearrangementsoftheconsignments,andwillnotaffecttheship`sstability,trimorstrength
3.Thesafetyofthecargo
4.Thesafetyofshipandcrew
Lesson8cargodamage
Therearevariouskindsofcargodamage:
1.Originaldamage:
isadamagetocargo,whichoriginallyoccurredbeforetheshipment.
2.Stevedoredamage:
referstothedamagetocargo,whichoccursasaresultofroughhandlingofcargobystevedoresatthehandlingordischargingport.
3.Heavyweatherdamage:
mainlyrefertowaterdamagetocargo,whichoftenresultsformtheheavyweatherencounteredbytheshipeitherinloadingoperationandockoronthevoyageatsea
4.Sweatdamage:
sweatiscondensation,whichformsontheship`ssideoronthesurfaceofcargowithinspacesduetothefluctuationsoftemperatureonalongvoyage
5.Pilferage(theft):
isoneofthecausesofcargoshortageorloss,whichfrequentlyoccursinloadingordischargingoperations
6.Inherentnatureorviceofgoods:
Lesson9portofregulationsandagencies
Generally,thebusinessscopeofashippingagencyincludesthefollowing:
1.Attendingtotheproceduresforship`sentryintoanddepartureformaportandarrangingforpilotage,ship`sberthing,customsdeclarationformalitiesforinwardandoutwardshipment
2.Arrangingmarinesurvey,ship`srepairandfumigation;cleaningandsweepingofcargoholdsandsupplyofbunkers,freshwater,provisions,store,ect
3.Arrangingshipments,bookingspace,applyingforsupervisionofloading/discharge,inspection,testing,weightingormeasuringofcargo
4.Subjecttoauthorization,signingbillsofladingandissuingdocumentsrelevanttohanding/takingoverofcargoorcontainersandarrangingsettlementsofcargoclaims
5.Attendingtoprocedureforcargooperations,includingstuffing/unstuffing,transshipmentandcombinedtransportationofcontainers
6.Attendingtomarinecasualtiesandsalvage;arrangingmedicaltreatment,replacementandrepatriationforcrewmembers
7.Attendingtochartering,purchase/sale,delivery/redeliveryandhanding/takingoverofships;signingcharterpartiesandpurchase/salecontracts
8.Onbehalfofentrustingparties,calculatingandcollectingfreight;attendingtosettlementofdespatchmoneyordemurrage
Lesson10shippingdocuments
Thecirculationoftherelevantshippingdocumentscanbeillustratedasfollows:
1.Theshipper(orconsignor)makesanapplicationtoashippingcompanyoritsagentfortheshipmentofgoodsbyfillingupabookingnote
2.Aftertheacceptanceofbookingnote,theshippingcompanyissuesashippingorder(S/O)totheshipper,advisinghimofwhenandwheretodeliverthegoodsalongsidethenamedship
3.Theshipper,onthestrengthoftheS/O,goesthroughthecustomsdeclarationformalitiesforoutwardgoodsandgetsthegoodsreadyforshipment
4.TheagentpreparesaloadinglistfortheshipaccordingtotheS/O(counter-foil)
5.Thechiefofficerworksoutastowageplant.Anumberofcopiesaresenttothetallycompanyandstevedoringcompanythroughtheagentforthearrangementofloadinganddischarge
6.ThechieftallymanchecksallgoodsloadedonboardagainstthetallysheetsandsignstheS/O
7.Thechiefofficer,byreferencetothetally,endorsestheS/O,whichthenautomaticallybecomesthemate`sreceipt(M/R)tobeissuedtotheshipperafterloading
8.Afterpayingforthefreight(prepaid),theshipperturnsovertheM/RtotheshippingcompanyoragentinexchangefortheB/L
9.TheshippersendstheB/Landotherrelevantdocumentstothebankfornegotiationofpayment
10.Theagentmakesoutfortheshipasuitablenumberofcopiesoftheexportmanifest(M/F)andfreightmanifest(F/M),whicharerequiredbythecustomsatthelocalportaswellasotherportofcall
11.TheconsigneesecurestheB/Lformthebankbyeffectingthepaymentforgoods
12.TheconsigneepresentstheB/Ltotheshippingcompanyoragentinexchangeforthedeliveryorder(D/O),bywhichhetakesdeliveryofgoodsatthewarehouse
Lesson11collisionofships
1.Collisionofships,intermoffaultliability,canbeclassifiedintothreecategories:
collisioncausedbyfaultofoneparty,collisioncausedbymixedfaultandcollisioncausedbynofault
2.Acollisionreportincludingthefollowingitems:
1)Theexacttimeofcollision
2)Theposition,heading,andspeedofeachvesselatthetimeofcollision
3)Weatherconditions(e.g.visibility,wind,seaandswell,ect,)
4)Anestimateofangleofcollisiontotheothervessel
5)Whatactionstakenbyownvesseltoavoidcollision
6)Theextentofdamagecausedtobothvesselsandthecargoasfarasknown
7)Thenamesofwitnesstothecollision
8)Generalinformation(e.g.name,nationality,portofregistry,voyage,ect.)ofbothvessels
Lesson13charterparty
1.Charterpartiesarediversifiedintothreeprincipalcategories:
voyagecharter,timecharterandbareboat(demise)charter
2.Thevoyagecharteris,inessence,acontractofaffreightmentcoveringthemovementaparticularcargofromonedesignatedporttoanother,atastipulatedrateoffreight(charterhire)foreachtonofthegoodsactuallytransported.Theshipownerisresponsibleforalldetailsofvesseloperation.Thecharterer,inadditiontoputtingthecargowithinreachoftheloadinggear,mustarrangefortheberthingplacesatportofloadinganddischarge,andquiteoftenalsomustcontractwithstevedorestohandlethecargo.
Paymentfortheship`sservicesmustbemadeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthecharter-party
3.Thetimecharterisoneunderwhichtheshipownerplacestheservicesofashipatthedisposalofthechartererforaspecifiedperiodoftime,orratherhiresouttothecharterertheentireshippingspaceofashipforthecarriageofcargoontimebasis,Unliketherevenueearnedunderthevoyagecharter,whichiscalculatedonthetonnagevalueofthecargo,thetimecharterhireiscalculatedonthecarryingcapacityoftheshipplusrunningcostoftheship,excludingwages.Sothelargertheship,themorethechartererpays
4.Thebareboat(demise)charterisoneunderwhichtheshipownertransfersoperationalcontroloftheshiptothecharterer.Thevesselmustbeseaworthyandfullequippedatthetimesheisdeliveredtothecharterer.Duringthecharteringperiod,theburdenandresponsibilityofoperationareassumedbythecharterer.Theshipownerperiodicallyreceivestheagreedpaymentwhich,asinthetimecharter,isbaseduponthedeadweighttonnageoftheship
Lesson14seaprotestandgeneralaverage
1.Anoteofseaprotestisadeclarationordepositionbythemaster,madeunderoath,givingfullparticularsregardingheavyweatherorotherincident,whichmayhavecauseddamagetothevesselorcargoduringthevoyage.
2.Ashiphasmetwithanyofthefollowingcircumstancesinthecourseofthevoyage,itisadvisableforthemastertonoteaseaprotest:
1)Wheneverduringthevoyageshipencountersconditionsofwindandsea,whichmayresultindamagetocargo
2)Whenformanycauseshipisdamaged,orfearedtobedamaged
3)Whenthroughstressofweatherithasnotbeenpracticabletoadoptnormalprecautionsinthematterofventilationofperishablecargo
4)Whencargoisshippedinsuchaconditionaslikelytosufferdeteriorationduringthevoyage(but,inthiscase,protestwillnotbeeffectiveunlessB/Lwasendorsedtoshowtheconditionofcargoatthetimeofshipment)
5)InallcaseofGeneralAverage
3.Ageneralaverageactswhen,andonly
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- 关 键 词:
- 国际航运 业务 英语 函电