皮肤的结构及护理Structure and nursing of skin.docx
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皮肤的结构及护理Structure and nursing of skin.docx
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皮肤的结构及护理Structureandnursingofskin
皮肤的结构及护理(Structureandnursingofskin)
Theskinisthelargestorganofthehumanbody,thetotalweightofthebodyweightof5%to15%,thetotalareaof1.5to2squaremeters,thethicknessvariesfrompersontoperson,orfromplacetoplace,0.5to4millimeters.Theskincoversthewholebody,whichpreventsthetissuesandorgansofthebodyfromphysical,mechanical,chemical,andpathogenicmicrobialinvasion.Theskinhastwobarriers:
ontheonehand,itpreventslossofwater,electrolytesandothersubstancesinthebody;ontheotherhand,itpreventstheinvasionofharmfulsubstancesfromtheoutside.Maintainingthestabilityofthehumanbodyenvironment,playsanimportantprotectivefunctioninphysiology,andtheskinalsoparticipatesinthemetabolismprocessofthehumanbody.Thereareseveralcolorsofskin(white,yellow,red,brown,black,etc.),mainlyduetorace,ageandlocationvary.
Theskiniscomposedofepidermis,dermisandsubcutaneoustissue,andcontainsappendages(sweatglands,sebaceousglands,nails,toenails),aswellasbloodvessels,lymphatics,nervesandmuscles.
Theepidermisistheoutermostlayeroftheskin,withanaveragethicknessof0.2mm.Accordingtothedifferentstagesofdevelopmentandmorphologicalcharacteristicsofthecells,theepidermiscanbedividedinto5layers.
1.stratumcorneum:
composedofseverallayersofkeratinocytes,containingkeratin.Itcanresistfriction,preventleakageandchemicalimmersionfluid.Strongkeratinwaterabsorptioncapacity,watercontentisgenerallynotlessthan10%,inordertomaintaintheskinsoft,iflessthanthisvalue,theskinisdry,chappedorscalyappearance.Becauseofdifferentparts,thethicknessdifferenceisverylarge,suchastheeyelids,foreskin,forehead,abdomen,andotherpartsofthecubitalfossaisthin,metacarpalandmetatarsalthickparts.Thereisnonucleusinthestratumcorneum.Ifthereisanuclearremnant,itiscalledkeratosis.
2.transparentlayer:
composedof2-3layersofflatclearcellsthatcontainthenucleus.Itcanpreventthepermeationofwater,electrolyteandchemicalsubstances,soitisalsocalledbarrierbelt.Thislayerismostobviousatthepalmsandsoles.
3.granularlayer:
composedof2-4layersofspindlespindlecells,containingalargenumberofbasophilictransparenthornygranules.Whenthenumberoflayersofflatspindlecellsisincreased,itiscalledgranularhypertrophyandoftenaccompaniedbyhyperkeratosis.Thegranularlayerdisappearsandisoftenaccompaniedbyhyperkeratosis.
The4.pricklecelllayeriscomposedof4-8layersofpolygonalspines,whichareflattenedfrombelowandareconnectedwitheachotherbybridgingparticlestoformtheso-calledintercellularbridge.
5.basallayer:
composedofalayerofcylindricalcellsarrangedinpalisadeshape.Thislayerofcellsconstantlydivide(often3%to5%ofthecellssplit),graduallyupward,keratinization,deformation,formingtheepidermisofotherlayers,andfinallykeratosisoff.Thetimefrombasalcelldivisiontoabscissionisgenerallyconsideredtobethe28day,whichiscalledthereplacementtime.Fromthebasalcelldivisiontothetopofthegranularlayeris14days,formingthecuticletothelastdropofffor14days.Melanomacellsbetweenabasalcellinclusionsderivedfromneuralcrest(alsoknownasdendriticcells),totalbasalcellsfrom4%to10%,canproducemelanin(pigmentgranules),determinesskincolordepth.
Two,leatherfrommesodermal,composedoffiber,matrixandcell.Thedermalpapillaclosetotheepidermisiscalledthepapillarylayer,alsoknownasthesuperficialdermis.Itiscalledthereticularlayer,alsoknownasthedermis.Thereisnostrictboundarybetweenthetwolayers.
1.fiber:
therearethreekindsofcollagenfiber,elasticfiberandreticularfiber.
(1)collagenfiber:
themaincomponentofdermis,about95%,composedofbundles.Inthepapillarylayer,thefiberbundleisthin,arrangedtightly,andthedirectionisdifferent,andtheyarenotinterwoven.Inthereticularlayer,thefiberbundleiscoarse,looselyarranged,interwovenintomesh,andmoresmoothwiththeskinsurface.Becausethefiberbundleisspiral,ithasacertainflexibility.
(2)elasticfibers:
moreinthelowerlayerofthereticularlayer,aroundthecollagenfiberbundlesandaroundtheskinappendages.Inadditiontogivetheskinelasticity,skinanditsappendagesalsoconstitutesupport.
(3).Thereticularfiberisimmaturecollagenfibers,itissurroundedbyskinappendagesandvascular.
2.matrix:
anamorphous,homogeneouscolloidmaterial,whichisfilledbetweenfiberbundlesandcells,
Providingmaterialsupportforvariouscomponentsoftheskinandprovidingaplaceformaterialmetabolism.
3.cells:
therearemainlythefollowing:
(1)fibroblasts:
canproducecollagenfibers,elasticfibersandmatrix.
(2).Tissuecells:
isapartofthereticuloendothelialsystem,hastheabilityofphagocytosisofmicroorganisms,metabolicproducts,pigmentparticlesandforeignbody,playsaneffectivescavengingeffect.
(3)mastcellsexistindermisandsubcutaneoustissue,anddermalpapillalayeristhemost.Thegranulesinthecytoplasmcanstoreandreleasehistamineandheparin.
Three,subcutaneoustissuederivedfrommesoderm,thelowerpartofthedermis,composedoflooseconnectivetissueandfatlobules,underwhichclosetothesarcolemma.Thethicknessofthesubcutaneoustissuevarieswithage,sex,locationandnutritionalstatus.Ithasthefunctionofpreventingheatdissipation,storingenergyandresistingmechanicalshock.
Four.Accessoryorgans
1.sweatglands:
(1)eccrinegland:
thesweatglandingeneral.Thereticularlayerofthedermisinthesubcutaneoustissue.Inadditiontothelips,glans,foreskinandclitoris,thedistributionofthewholebody.Inthepalms,metatarsus,armpits,groinandotherplacesmore.Sweatglandssecretesweatandregulatebodytemperature.
(2)apocrinesweatglands:
mainlylocatedintheaxilla,areola,umbilicus,perianalandexternalgenitaliaandotherparts.Afterpubertysecretion,itssecretionbybacterialdecompositiontoproduceaspecialsmell,isoneofthecausesofbromidrosis.
2.sebaceousglands:
locatedinthedermis,nearthehairfollicle.Exceptthepalmsandsoles,thedistributionofthebody,tothescalp,face,chest,morescapularandmonsvenerisetc..Thesebaceousglandsofthelips,nipples,glansandlabiaminoraaredirectlyopenedonthesurfaceoftheskin,andtheremainingopeningsarelocatedatthe1/3ofthehairfollicles.Sebaceousglandssecretesebum,lubricateskinandhair,preventskindryness,andsecreteexuberantafterpuberty.
3.:
longhair,shorthairandhairthree.Thehairpartabovetheskinsurfaceiscalledhairtrunk,whichiscalledhairrootinthehairfollicle,andthelowerpartofthehairrootiscalledthehairball,andthepartthatprotrudesintothebottomofthehairballiscalledthedermalpapilla.Hairpapillaisrichinbloodvesselsandnerves,inordertomaintainhairnutritionandproduction,suchasatrophy,hairsheddingoccurs.Hairgrowsperiodicallyandrests,butallhairisnotinthesamecycle,sothehairofthehumanbodyisfallingoffandgrowingatanytime.Cyclelengthsofdifferenttypesofhair,hairgrowthperiodisabout5to7years,thenentercatagen,about2to4weeks,andthenentertherestingperiod,isaboutafewmonths,finallyhairloss.Sincethen,thenewgrowthperiodhasbeenextended,andnewhairhasbeendeveloped.Sowhenyouwashyourhairorcombhair,itisfoundthatasmallamountofhairfalloff,butisanormalphysiologicalphenomenon.
Five.Vessels,lymphatics,nervesandmuscles
1.vessel:
epidermiswithoutbloodvessel.Thearterybranchesintothesubcutaneoustissue,ascendingtothesubcutaneoustissueandformingadeepvascularnetworkatthejunctionofthedermis,providingnutritiontothehairpapilla,sweatglands,nervesandmuscles.
The2.lymphaticvessel:
theblindendofthelymphaticcapillariesoriginatedfromthepapillarylayerofthedermis.Itrunsalongthebloodvesselandformsalymphaticnetworkatthesuperficialanddeepvascularnetwork.Itgraduallysinksintothethickerlymphaticvesselsandflowsintothelymphnodes.Thelymphaticvesselisanauxiliarycirculatorysystemthatpreventstheinvasionofmicroorganismsandforeignbodies.
Sunburnskincare
Aloe:
Aloewilleffectivelyreduceheatmaterialswithinthegeljuicecoatedinsunburnoftheskin,letthejuicedrynaturally.
Efficacy:
aloecannotonlyhelptheinjuredskinfasterrehabilitation,becausewhentheskinsunburnandburningpainoccurswhentheliquidiscoatedwithaloeveraleavesimmediatelyheat,cooleffect.
VitaminEMoisturizingCreamAntiscarmaterial:
avitaminEpill,atablespoonofmoisturizingcream.
Methods:
firstcutthevitaminEpill,thenpourtheoilysubstanceintothemoisturizingcreamandmixitwell,thenbecometheself-madevitaminEcream.Justputitonthesunburnedskin.
Efficacy:
aftersunburn,coatedwithvitaminEcream,helptoacceleratetherecoveryoftheskinandpreventtheemergenceofscar.AddvitaminEpillstomoisturizers,
ItcanincreasevitaminEconcentrationandmakesunburnfaster.
Lavenderessentialoilheatreducingmaterial:
lavenderessentialoil5drops,15mlbaseoil.
Methods:
firstlavenderessentialoilandbaseoilmixedtogether,soonerorlatereachtimeitwillbepaintedontheinjuredskin.
Efficacy:
Thisaromatherapytherapycannotonlyrelievesunburnpain,speeduptherehabilitationoftheskin,butalsomoisturizetheskin.
Inaddition,sunburncanbereplacedbythesameamountofcham
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