考研英语真题与解析.docx
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考研英语真题与解析.docx
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考研英语真题与解析
2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语〔一〕试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on
ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthat
darenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworks
independently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterial
causewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.
5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heis
publishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplains
theprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.The
processisnaturalselection.
ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhave
contributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveral
world-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygenetic
diseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhas
been15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgenetic
isolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthatthe
unusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateof
affairs.
1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased
2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare
3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against
4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately
5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence
6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk
7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects
8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question
9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating
10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total
11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably
12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers
13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve
14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile
1
15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown
16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing
17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument
18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined
19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed
20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuous
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark
youranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleast
oneundesirablecategory.―Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersin
responsetostresscomparedtomen,‖accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYorks’s
AdministrationHospital.
Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,
causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.
Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)
removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.
Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased―opportunities‖
notnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,
Yehuda.―Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,‖sheobserves,
they’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.
Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.―Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenare
exposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.
Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenare
exposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytend
nottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.
AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.―I
getthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetahead
anddobetter.‖Later,hermarriageendedandshebecasminegalemother.―It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofa
teenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.‖
NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayare
copingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarezcedemonstratest’hesexperien
importanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.
2
21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?
[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.
[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.
[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.
[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.
22.Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen.
[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress
[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress
[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress
[D]areexposedtomorestress
23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe.
[A]domesticandtemporary
[B]irregularandviolent
[C]durableandfrequent
[D]trivialandrandom
24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.〞(Line5,Para.5)showsthat.
[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney
[B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenss
[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs
[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]StrainofStress:
NoWayOut?
[B]ResponsetoStress:
GenderDifference
[C]StressAnalysis:
WhatChemicalsSay?
[D]GenderInequality:
WomenUnderStress
Text2
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmitthe
resultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfrom
thepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthe
paperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseeking
knowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.
Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercial
publishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment–fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccessto
scientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjust
issuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoria
UniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,
3
madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakey
elementofscientificendeavor.
Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwide
distributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedat
between$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublishers
saysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan
1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.
Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.
Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthor
so-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthrough
site-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhis
employer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuch
asuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybrids
ofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsix
months,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditional
formofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.
26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses.
[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting
[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports
[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers
[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?
[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.
[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.
[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.
[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.
28.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat.
[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults
[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers
[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge
[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch
29.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto.
[A]coverthecostofitspublication
[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit
[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely
[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission
30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?
[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.
4
[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.
[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.
[D]Publicationisrenderedeasilybyonlineservice.
Text3
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketball
Association(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenone
of42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,and
managershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longer
frames.
Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:
Americanshavegenerally
stoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’—speople
especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheir
limitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.―Inthegtheinseralpopulationtod
genetic,environmentallevel,we’veprettymuchgoneasfarasweca
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