第一章英语.docx
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第一章英语.docx
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第一章英语
第一章:
写作基本技能
第一节主题句
请对历年真题和模拟试题总结出topicsentence,并对它进行复述或概括。
一.如何写主题句(topicsentence)
1. 在审题过程中,从Directions和outline找出主题词(topic)和主题思想(controllingidea).
2. 分析并确定两者的关系。
3. 用简洁有力的结构把两者连接成完整句子。
4. 检查并修改主题句,使之符合主题句的要求和特征。
二.主题句的要求和特征
1. 必须是判断性质的完整句子。
以下就不是:
drivingonfreeways
Theimportanceofgold
Isitnecessarytotakeapart-timejob?
2. 必须有概括性。
以下就不是:
Americanfoodisterrible.
AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.
3. 必须包含作者明确的态度。
以下就不是
Iamnotsureifitisnecessaryforcollegestudentstotakepart-timejobs.
4. 必须简洁,吸引人。
(2001)Loveinneedisloveindeed.
5. 必须统领全文,但不能超出全文内容。
(2001)Loveisthenoblestfeelingsofmankind.
三.主题句的位置
1. 强烈建议放段首。
2. 其他部位可以设置主题句的复述句,如段末。
观察此段:
Synonyms,wordsthathavethesamemeaning,donotalwayshavethesameemotionalmeaning.Forexample,thewordsstingyandfrugalbothmean"carefulwithmoney."However,tocallapersonstingyisaninsult,whilethewordfrugalhasmuchpositiveconnotation.Similarly,apersonwantstobeslenderbutnotskinny,andaggressivebutnotpushy.Therefore,youshouldbecarefulinchoosingwordsbecausemanyso-calledsynonymsarenotreallysynonymsatall.
四.主题句的复述(RestatementofT.S.)
1. 如果是在段末,用强调词连接。
2. 与主题句保持意思的一致。
3. 转换方式:
词对应,同根,逆向
第二节段落的句子结构
一.扩展句(supportingsentence)
1. 目的:
发展,支持或证明主题句
2. 手段:
给出原因,事实,数据,引言,或加以阐述
3. 种类:
主要扩展句(majorsupportingstatement)
次要扩展句(minorsupportingstatement)
递进扩展句(additionalsupportingstatement)
Examplesforsupportingsentences
T.S.Over-fishingleadstothedecreaseoffishresources.
1. Reason:
Thisisbecauseanincreasingnumberoffishermencangofishingatsea.
2. Fact/figures:
Accordingtoareportonfishingreleasedby….University,thefishingboatsare25timesmorethan20yearsago.
3. Citation:
JustaprofessorfromthefisherydepartmentofHarvardUniversitysaid,"Over-consumptionofresourceswillresultinnegativeeffectonfuturedevelopmentofhumanbeings."
4. Furtherreasoning:
Inotherwords,over-consumptionofresourceswillresultinnegativeeffectonfuturedevelopmentofhumanbeings.
二.转折句(contrastsentence)
1. 目的:
(议论文)反面论证观点
2. 手段:
条件假设
3. 转折词:
ontheotherhand,incontrast,without,secondlyif,otherwise
Examplesforcontrastsentence
Inmyopinion,moneyitselfcanneitherbuyhappinessnorcauseevil.Ifyoumakegooduseofmoney,youcanimproveyourlifegreatly.Otherwise,youwillbeaslaveofmoneyandevilwillcomeintoyourheart.Inshort,onlywhenmoneyisusedforthebenefitofnotonlyyourselfbutalsootherpeople,canitbringyourealhappiness.
三.结论句(concludingsentence)
1. 目的:
对全段或全文总结,归纳或进一步强调观点
2. 手段:
主题句的复述或引申
3. 过渡词:
逗号型:
Asaresult,Indeed,Tosumup,
从句型:
Itisclearthat…,Therecanbenodoubtthat….
Exampleforconcludingsentence
Throughtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethatthepositiveaspectsoverweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iwouldliketosuggestthatparentsshoulddecidewhethertoadopthometutoringaccordingtothechildren'necessity.
四.段落的组织
说明段和描述段的基本组织形式有以下两种:
1. 并列扩展式
Example
Consideringallthesereasons,IthinkweshouldtakesomepositivemeasurestoseizetheopportunityofglobalizationandintroduceChinesetraditionalcultureandcustomstoforeigners.Ononehand,ourgovernmentoughttoinvestmoreinthestudyoftraditionalculture.Ontheotherhand,itisnecessaryforustopaymoreattentiontothedevelopmentofsuchtraditionalartsasBeijingOpera.Onlyinthiswaycanournationalculturebealongwiththequickinternationaldevelopment.
2. 递进扩展式
Example
Ithinkwehavetotakemoreeffectivemeasurestohelppoorchildrentogoonwiththeirschoolings.Throughsomedonationprogram,wecanhelpthempaytheirtuition.Inaddition,wealsoorganizesometeacherstofollowupandseewhatwecandotohelptheirfamily.Aslongastheirfamilygetoutofpoverty,childrencanstayinschoolwithoutworries.
议论段的基本组织形式有以下两种:
1. 正论递进式
Example
TheProjectHopeisofgreatnecessity.Firstofall,manypeopleinpoverty-strickenareascanhardlymakealiving,tosaynothingofsendingtheirchildrentoschools.Moreover,educationisvitaltothesuccessfortheeconomicandsocialprogressofthecountry.Butit'simpossibleforourgovernmenttoaffordsuchasumfortheschooldrop-outs.ThustheProjectHopebecomesthebestsolution.
2. 正反论证式
Example
Patienceisessentialtomodernpeople.Ifwecantaketimeandgraspthegoodchancethemomentitarises,wecanmakeabigprogressinourwork.Onthecontrary,ifwehavenotenoughpatience,chancemayslipbywhileweareworryingforthisorthat.Therefore,youhadbettertaketimeandwaitforthegoodchance.
第三节句子写作
一.常见错误分析(FromWrongsentencetocorrectsentence)
a.句子片段,断句(sentencefragment)
ThereisaprettyAmericangirl,she’ssmiling.
Itisacartoon,thatacockgiveaadmissiontoothers.
Butifnot,isitahen?
Becausemostlypeoplearefreedinthesametime.
In1995,thereisonefishontheocean,butshipsaremanyandmany.
b.时态混乱
In1995thenumberoffishwecanseewereveryfewandatthesametime,manyfishingoccurredbeforeoureyes.(timereference:
1995)
Duringthepasttimetherearenotabundantgoodsinthemarket.Peoplewouldnotconcernservicequalitysolongastheycouldbuywhattheyneeded.(timereference:
pasttime)
Everyyearabout300millionpeopledieddiseasethatdeprivefromsmoking.Smokingusemuchmoneyeveryyear.(timereference:
everyyear)
In1994,thetotalproductoftobaccois14.364billionpoundsandin1995,is14.2billionpounds.(timereference:
1994+1995)
Whatcausedthisphenomenon?
(timereference:
null)
c.代词误用
Itisincredibletomanypeople.Cigarettesmokersspendmoneyforillness.
Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.
Everyoneshoulddothatheorshehavepromised,butnotjusttheirduty.
Second,perhapsthisisthemainreason.
Canyoufindanythingnewinthis?
d.其他错误
Ifyoudoyourhomeworkthoughtfully,astudentshouldbeabletopassthisexamination.
Jerryswallowedasteak,andanentirehalfagallonoficecreamwaseatenbyhim.
Seenfromthetopofthemountain,wefoundthesmalltownmorebeautiful.
二.句子质量提升(Fromcorrect-onlysentencetoenhancedsentence)
1.句子质量的基本改进
a.短句(choppysentence)
Waterisanenduringsourceofpower.Itisalsoanunlimitedenergysource.Damsproducepower.Theyhaveexistedforalongtime.Butwindmillsarerelativelynew.
Wemustfindnewsourcesofenergy.Naturalsourcesofenergyaredecreasing.Solarenergyisapromisingnewsourceofenergy.Solarenergyisenergyfromthesun.
b.松散句(loosesentence)
信息重要性确定句式
1)IwasinterestedinEnglish,butIfinallychosecomputerasmymajor.
2)Ichosecomputerasmymajor,althoughIwasinterestedinEnglish.
多于2个句子的松散句,可以考虑修改
Manystudentsattendclassesallmorning,andthentheyworkallafternoon,andtheyalsohavetostudyatnight,sotheyareusuallyexhaustedbytheweekend.
c.赘言问题(redundant)
Inmyopinion,Ibelieveexam-orientedassessmentsystemneedstobechanged.
Ingeneral,youngpeoplethesedaystendtoremainsingle.
Thereasonwhypeoplechoosetoliveinthecountrysideisbecausethereisnopollutionnornoisethere.
Itishighlyimportanttofindasolutiontosolvethisproblem.
d.汉化英语(Chinese-English)
Watershortageisaseriousprobleminbigcities,suchasShanghai,becauseithasovertenmillionpeople.
Governmentshouldworkhardtoraisethelivinglevelofthepeople.
Doingregularexercisescanhelpourbody.
2.句子质量的加强改进
a. 强调句
b. 倒装句
c. 平行句
ParallelStructure
IamnotsurewhetherIshouldgivethebeggarmoneyortoofferhimfood.
Theywouldlieonthebattlefieldforhoursandsometimesdays.
Heleftthecitybecausehedidn’tgetsuccessinbusiness,becausehisfriendscameandbecausehishealthdeteriorated.
Thecriminalwasfoundguiltybecausehestolesthintheshopandsentbribestojudges.
d. 插入语
Insertedphrases
Inotherwords,over-fishingwillleadtonegativeeffectonourenvironment.
Accordingtoareportonfishingreleasedby….University,thefishingboatsare25timesmorethan20yearsago.
Asisknowtoall,smokingisbadtohealth.
3.十大必备句式
1) IT-structure
Itisrecognizedthat…
Itisclearlyshownthat…
Itispossibleforustoknowthat…
2) THERE-structure
Thereiswideconcernover…
Thereisageneralunderstandingthat…
Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…
3) AS-structure
Asweallknow,…
Asfollows.
Asamatteroffact,…
4) WITH-structure
Withthepassingofyearsthesituationhasbecomemoreserious.
Wisdomcomeswithexperience.
Nosweetwithoutsweat.
5). IN-structure
incaseof…(在…情况下)
Incaseofdifficulty,weshouldturntofriends.
intermsof…(就…来说)
Intermsofvalue,thisapproachisthebest.
inviewof…(考虑到…)
inthematterof…(就什么事情说)
inlightof…(根据,依照)
6) CAUSE–typeExpressions
factorsfor…
factorscanexplain/accountfor…
beresponsiblefor…/playapartin…/contributealotto…
resultfrom…/beascribedto…/berootedin…
7) DIGIT-typeExpressions
ascanbeseen/revealed/shown/suggested/,
fromthestatistics/information/data/figuresgiven,
numberof…doubled/tripled,ascomparewith…
jump/rise/increase/grow;drop/decrease/fall/decline
remainsteady
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