欧洲文化入门串讲.docx
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欧洲文化入门串讲.docx
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欧洲文化入门串讲
“欧洲文化入门”串讲资料
来源:
广东自考网WWW.YESY.NET编辑:
yesy时间:
2003-10-16
Division One:
Greek Culture and Roman Culture1
Division Two:
The Bible And Christianity2
Division Three:
The Middle Ages2
Division Four:
Renaissance and Reformation2
Division Five:
The Seventh Century2
Division Six:
TheAgeofEnlightenment3
Division Seven:
Romanticism3
Division Eight:
MarxismandDarwinism3
Division Nine:
Realism3
Division Ten:
ModernismandOtherTrends4
Answer questions4
“欧洲文化入门”考前串讲5
I.希腊罗马5
lI.基督教和圣经6
III. 中世纪6
IV.文艺复兴与宗教改革7
V.17世纪7
VI.启蒙运动8
VII.现实主义9
VIII.马克思主义和达尔文主义9
IX.现实主义9
X.现代主义和其他趋势10
Division One:
Greek Culture and Roman Culture
1. Homer:
2. Father of History
3. Academy
4. Idealism
1. Cynics
2. Epicureans
3. Stoic
4. Ionic style
5. Doric style
6. Ciceronian
7. She-wolf
Division Two:
The Bible And Christianity
1. Historical books
2. Book of Daniel
3. John Wycliff
4. Vulgate Edition of Bible
5. King James Bible
Division Three:
The Middle Ages
1. Age of Faith
2. Feudalism
3. Father of the church
4. City of God
5. Benedictine Rule
6. Crusades
7. Carolingian Renaissance
8. Alfred the Great
Division Four:
Renaissance and Reformation
1. Renaissance
2. Mona Lisa
3. Elegant Raphael
4. Titian
5. Calvinism
6. Reformation
7. Counter Reformation
Division Five:
The Seventh Century
1. Induction and deduction
2. Induction and Deduction
3. Leviathan
4. Bill of Right
5. Paradise Lost
6. Cartesian Doubt
7. Dualism
8. French Classicism
Division Six:
TheAgeofEnlightenment
1. Age of Reason
2. The Spirit of Laws
3. Letter Anglaise
4. Candide
5. Rousseau’s Social Contract
6. Robinson Crusoe
7. Sorrow of Young Werther
8. Faust
9. Cabal and Love
10. Critique of Reason
11. Nebular Hypothesis
Division Seven:
Romanticism
1. Romanicsism
2. The Lakers
Division Eight:
MarxismandDarwinism
1. Marxism
2. Capital
3. Utopian Socialism
4. Origin of Species
Division Nine:
Realism
1. Realism
2. Balzac
3. Madame Bovary
4. A Hunter’s Sketches
5. David Copperfield
6. Middlemarch
7. Vanity Fair
8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
9. Impressionism
10. Post Impressionism
Division Ten:
ModernismandOtherTrends
1. Modernism
2. Sigmund Freud
3. Odepus Complex
4. Waste Land
5. Ulysses
6. The Lost Generation
7. Angry Young men in England
8. Beat Generation
9. Black Humor
10. Fauves
11. Expressionism
12. Cubism
13. Futurism
14. Dadaism
15. Surrealism
Answer questions
Division One
1. What are the characters of ancient Greek society?
2. What influences did Greek civilization have on English literature?
3. What were ancient Greeks curious about?
4. What did Romans have in common with Greeks?
Division Two
1.What are the two forceful beliefs which separate Christianity from other religions?
2.What influences did Bible have on western culture?
Division Three
1. What were then power and influences of Catholic church?
2. What influence did Crusades have on western civilization?
3. Why we call the Middle Ages the Age of Faith?
Division Four
1. What are the main elements of humanism?
2. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?
3. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?
4. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modern history?
Division Five
1. What were Galilio’s contributions to the modern science?
2. Why we call Newton the greatest scientist that ever lived?
3. What were the major difference between Locke’s concept and Hobbes’?
4. What were the main features of seventeenth century?
Division Six
1. Why we call Enlightenment an age of reason?
2. The industrial revolution is marked by which of the following developments?
Division Seven
1. What are the main features of Romanticism?
2. What are the main differences between Romantics and Realists?
3. What were the conditions in western Europe in the 1840’s?
4. Why Mark Twain is considered the father of American Literature?
“欧洲文化入门”考前串讲
I.希腊罗马
Homer:
Iliad/Odyssey/ author of epics
Sappho:
lyric poet
Pindar:
the14Olympianodes
Aeschylus:
Prometheus Bound/Persians/Agamemnon/ tragic dramatist
Sophocles:
Oedipus the King/Electra/Antigone/tragic dramatist
Euripides:
Medea/Trojan Women/Andromache/tragic dramatist
Aristophanes:
Frogs/Clouds/Wasps/Birds/comedy writer
Herodotus:
warsaboutGreeks and Persians/ Father of History
Thucydides:
thewarbetween Athens and Sparta/Syracuse historian
Pythagoras:
All things were numbers/founderofscientificmathematics
Heracleitus:
Fire is the primary element
Democritus:
materialist/atomictheory
Socrates:
dissect of oneself/ virtue was high worth of life/ dialectical method
Plato:
Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”
Aristotle:
direct observation/ theory follow fact/ “form”(=idea) and matter together made upconcrete individual realities/Ethics/Politics/Poetics and Rhetoric
Euclid:
Elements/ geometry
Archimedes:
geometry,arithmetic,mechanics,hydrostatics
Otherschoolsofthought:
Sophists>Protagoras/Cynics>Diogenes/ Sceptics>Pyrrhon/ Epicureans>Epicurus/Stoics>Zeno
Cicero:
Far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate Prose writer
Caesar I came, I saw, I conquered Prose writer
Lucretius On the nature of things poet
Virgil
4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,king of Macedon的领导下,5th century B.C.达到顶峰,146B.C.被罗马攻克。
lI.基督教和圣经
Jews—以前叫Hebrews,3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠,1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及,开始他们的Exodus,他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God,40年后Hebrews定居Palestine, known as Canaan,Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue(忧太集会)来发扬他们的教义。
Jesus生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine I于313年宣布基督教合法,Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教为国教。
Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament,旧约包含39本书,写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情,最重要的前五本是Pentateuch,旧约主要由Hebrew写成,the New Testament主要是Greek的形式,包含14本书,最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语,Greek Bible叫Septuagint
III. 中世纪
开始于476西罗马帝国得衰败
5-11世纪
在文化上继承了Roman culture,出现了Hebrew and Gothic culture
feudalism主要是一种system of land holding,for exchanging military service,它还是一种local and decentralized government
1045,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
反击Moslems,开始了Crusades
Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732
St. Thomas Aquinas写了The Summa Theologica总结了中世纪神学的所有知识并形成了系统,他认为feudal hierarchy of society is God’s rule
The power of feudal rulers is God’s will
Pope is Crist’s Plenipotentiary
中世纪封建社会的人主要分为三个等级:
clergy, lords, peasants
Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular.
IV.文艺复兴与宗教改革
Boccaccio Decameron
Cervantes Don Quixote(crowned literature of Spain)
Petrarch Sonnet,father of modern poetry
Da Vinci
Michelangelo Artist in Italy
Raphael Known for his Madonna Artist in Italy
Titian Oil color Artist in Italy
Ronsard France
Rabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel France
Montaigne The Essais France
Thomas More Utopia
Shakespeare crowned literature of England
Copernicus The father of modern astronomy
Vesalius
Aldus Manutius The foremost printer in Italy
Machiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriography
Dante
Vosari
others Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,Spencer, Bacon artists
Reformation was led by Martin Luther. 它主张用the Bible的绝对权威取代the Roman Catholic Church的绝对权威,这促进了资本主义的发展。
1492, Columbus发现了America
1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope
1497,da Gama发现了绕过好望角去印度的航线
英国在Elizabeth I的统治下达到鼎盛时期
宗教改革以后,基督教分裂为:
the Protestant and the Roman Catholic
Humanism是文艺复兴时代的灵魂思想
V.17世纪
Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understandingcaculaus
Milton Areopagitica,
Bacon Knowledge is power England
Descartes I think therefore I am France
Corneille FrenchNeoclassicismdramatists
Racine
Moliere
Locke
很多科学器械在被发明:
microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum
Bacon认为哲学应该与神学分开
Leibniz区别了人的三种理解程度,自我意识,意识,潜意识(无意识)
Bacon反对deductive method,创立了inductive method
Hobbes认为最好的统治方式是monarchy
1689,the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利
英国大革命中,Cromwell带领行动 Milton提供思想
法国最著名的建筑:
Palace of Versailles Garden Front
East Front of the Louvre
英国最著名建筑:
St. Paul’s Cathedral
17th:
physics, mathematics
18th:
chemistry
19th:
biology
20th:
psychology
French classicism
Baroque art
Newton
Galileo
VI.启蒙运动
Diderot
Montesquieu Separation of powers
Voltaire
Hobbes Social contract
Locke Social contract
Rousseau
Defoe
Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic noval
Lessing
Goethe
schiller
Kant Waterhead of modern philosophyPropose the nebular hypothesis
Pope poet
Dr.Johnson lexicographer
J.S.Bach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical Englithenment
Handel
Haydn Classical period Viennese school
Mozart
Beethoven Romantic Movement
18世纪两大著名运动:
The American War of Independence(1776)
The Declaration of Independence
The French Revolution(1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Rococo艺术的典型建筑代表:
Hotel de Soubise
Addison, Steele在期刊The Tatler , The Spectator上发表论文
The Enlightenment
Rococo art
VII.现实主义
VIII.马克思主义和达尔文主义
IX.现实主义
France
Balzzac
Stendhal
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