行为矫正原理与方法英文.docx
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行为矫正原理与方法英文.docx
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行为矫正原理与方法英文
Forpersonaluseonlyinstudyandresearch;notforcommercialuse
Forpersonaluseonlyinstudyandresearch;notforcommercialuse
CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
AnswerstoStudyQuestionsonMainText
1.Generally,behaviorisanythingapersondoesorsays.Technically,behaviorisanymuscular,glandular,orelectricalactivityofanorganism.Synonymsinclude:
activity,action,performance,responding,response,andreaction.
2.Behaviorisanythingthatapersonsaysordoes.Productsofbehavioraretheconsequencesproducedbythebehavior.Forexample,studyingeffectivelyandwriting
thecorrectanswerstoquestionsonanexamarebehaviors.Gettingan“A”isaproduct
ofthosebehaviors.
3.Overtbehaviorsarebehaviorsthatcouldbeobservedandrecordedbyanindividualotherthantheoneperformingthebehavior.Forexample,walkingandtalkingareovert
behaviors.Covertbehaviorsareprivateorinternalactivitiesthatcannotbereadilyobservedbyothers.Forexample,thinkingparticularwordstooneselforfeelingnervous
(increasedheartrate,etc.)wouldbeprivatebehaviors.
4.Thinkinginwords(privateself-talk)andimaginingcanalsobereferredtoascognitive
behaviors.Forexample,ahockeyplayermaythinkbeforesteppingontheiceata
game,“Iamgoingtoplaymybestgameyet”-talk),(privateoraselfteachermaytell
the
classtoclosetheireyesandpictureabeach(imagining).
5.Anytwodimensionscanbedescribed.Durationofabehaviorishowlongitlasts.For
example,measuringhowlonganindividualcantreadwaterinaswimmingpool.Frequencyofabehavioristhenumberofinstancesthatoccurinagivenperiodoftime.
Forexample,afigureskatercountingthenumberoftimesthatsheorhelandsanewjumpinapracticesession.Theintensityorforceofabehaviorreferstothephysicaleffortorenergyinvolvedinemittingthebehavior.Forexample,theforceofaperson’s
gripwhenshakinghands.
6.Althoughtheirmeaningsvaryfromspeakertospeaker,theyalwaysrefertowaysofbehaving.Anintelligentperson,forexample,solvesproblemsquickly;acreativeperson
frequentlyemitsbehaviorsthatarenovelorunusualandhavedesirableeffects.
7.(a)Theymayleadtopseudoexplanationsofbehavior;(b)theycannegatively
affectthe
wayalabeledindividualmightbetreated;and(c)theymayinfluenceonetofocusonan
individual’sproblembehaviorsratherthanonhisorherstrengths.
8.Toolittlebehaviorofaparticulartype.Forexample,achildmightnotpronouncewords
clearly,norinteractwithotherchildren.Anyothertwoappropriateexamplesareacceptable.
9.Toomuchbehaviorofaparticulartype.Forexample,achildfrequentlyplayswiththe
dialsonthetelevisionset,andthrowsfoodontheflooratmealtime.Anyothertwoappropriateexamplesareacceptable.
10.(a)Toavoidtheproblemsofusinggenerallabelstorefertoindividuals;(b)becauseitis
behaviorthatcausesconcernandbehaviorthatmustbetreatedtoalleviatetheproblems;and(c)specificproceduresareavailabletoovercomebehaviorproblems.
11.Stimuliarethepeople,objects,andeventscurrentlypresentinone’simme
surroundingsthatimpingeonone’ssensereceptorsandthatcanaffectbehavior.Any
appropriateexamplesareacceptable.
12.First,itplacesstrongemphasisondefiningproblemsintermsofbehaviorthatcan
be
measuredinsomewayandacceptingchangesinthebehavioralmeasureoftheproblem
asthebestindicatoroftheextenttowhichtheproblemisbeinghelped.Second,its
treatmentproceduresandtechniquesarewaysofalteringanindividual’senvironm
tohelpthatindividualfunctionmorefullyinsociety.Third,itsmethodsandrationales
canbedescribedprecisely.Fourth,thetechniquesofbehaviormodificationareoften
appliedbyindividualsineverydaylife.Fifth,itstechniquesstemfrombasicand
applied
researchinthepsychologyoflearningingeneral,andintheprinciplesofoperantand
Pavlovianconditioninginparticular.Sixth,itemphasizesscientificdemonstrationthat
aparticularinterventionwasresponsibleforaparticularbehaviorchange.Seventh,it
placeshighvalueonaccountabilityforeveryoneinvolvedinbehaviormodification
programs:
client,staff,administrators,consultants,etc.
13.Behaviormodificationinvolvesthesystematicapplicationoflearningprinciples
and
techniquestoassessandimproveindividuals’covertandovertbehaviorsinorderto
enhancetheirdailyfunctioning.
14.Targetbehaviorisabehaviortobeimprovedinabehaviormodificationprogram.
A
studentmightidentifyatargetbehaviorofstudyingmore.Thiswouldbeabehavioraldeficitthatneedstobeincreased.Otherappropriateexamplesareacceptable.
15.Behavioralassessmentinvolvesthecollectionandanalysisofinformationanddatain
orderto:
(1)Identifyanddescribetargetbehaviors;
(2)Identifypossiblecausesofthebehavior;
(3)Guidetheselectionofanappropriatebehavioraltreatment;and
(4)Evaluatetreatmentoutcome.
16.Behavioranalysisisthescientificstudyoflawsthatgovernthebehaviorofhuman
beingsandotheranimals.Itisthescienceonwhichbehaviormodificationisbased.
17.Thedimensionsofappliedbehavioranalysisinclude:
(a)afocusonmeasurablebehaviorthatissociallysignificant;(b)astrongemphasisonthelearningprinciplesfrequentlyreferredtoasoperantconditioning,todeveloptreatmentstrategies;(c)anattempttoclearlydemonstratethatthetreatmentthatwasappliedwasresponsiblefortheimprovementinthebehaviorthatwasmeasured;and(d)ademonstrationofgeneralizableandlong-lastingimprovementsinbehavior.
18.(a)BehaviormodificationusestheprinciplesofbothoperantandPavlovian
conditioning,whileappliedbehavioranalysisrelieslargelyonoperantconditioning;
(b)
behaviormodificationencompassesbothbehaviortherapyandcognitivebehaviortherapy,andthereforehasacquiredabroadermeaningthanappliedbehavioranalysis.
19.Behaviortherapyisbehaviormodificationcarriedoutondysfunctionalbehavior.
20.Cognitivebehaviortherapyfocusesontreatingdysfunctionalbehaviorbychanging
unproductive,debilitatingthoughtpatternsthatwereconsideredtoberesponsibleforthedysfunctionalbehavior.
21.Anyfourofthefollowingmythsormisconceptions:
(a)Useofrewardsbybehaviormodifierstochangebehaviorisbribery;
(b)Behaviormodificationinvolvestheuseofdrugs,psychosurgery,andelectroconvulsivetherapy;
(c)Behaviormodificationonlychangessymptoms;itdoesn’tgetattheunderlying
problems;
(d)Behaviormodificationisnotapplicableforchangingcomplexproblemssuchas
low
self-esteemordepression;
(e)Behaviormodifiersarecoldandunfeelinganddon’tdevelopempathyfortheir
clients;
(f)Behaviormodifiersdealonlywithobservablebehavior;theydon’tdealwith
thoughts
andfeelingsofclients;
(g)Behaviormodificationisoutdated.
Chapter1:
Introduction
MultipleChoiceQuestionsOnMainText(Note:
*indicatesthecorrectanswer)
1.Abehavioraldeficitis:
*a)toolittleofaparticulartypeofbehaviorb)toomuchofaparticulartypeofbehavior
c)anappropriatebehavioroccurringtothewrongstimulus
d)anappropriatebehavioroccurringatthewrongtimeorplace
2.Abehavioralexcessis:
*a)toomuchofaparticulartypeofbehavior
b)toolittleofaparticulartypeofbehavior
c)anappropriatebehavioroccurringtothewrongstimulus
d)anappropriatebehavioroccurringatthewrongtimeorplace
3.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofbehavior?
a)haircolor
b)thecolorofsomeone’seyes
c)theclothessomeoneiswearing*d)dressinginthemorning
4.Inbehaviormodification,motivationandintelligencereferto:
a)innermentalprocesses*b)waysofbehaving
c)causesofbehaviord)majorsourcesofabnormality
5.Inbehaviormodification,theterm“environment”refersto:
a)theneighborhoodinwhichapersonisraised
b)thenaturalhabitatofanorganism
*c)thespecificphysicalvariablesinonetesurroundings’immedia
d)thegeneralsituationwhereonehappenstobe
6.Achilddoesnotpronouncewordsclearlyanddoesnotinteractwithotherchildren.These
areexamplesof:
a)behavioralexcessesb)behavioralabnormalities*c)behavioraldeficitsd)behavioralcharacteristics
7.Behaviormodifiersstresstheimportanceofdefiningproblemsintermsofspecificbehavioraldeficitsorbehavioralexcessesbecause:
a)therapistscanthenfocusontheindividual’sproblembehaviorsratherthanonhisor
herstrengths
*b)itisbehaviorthatcausesconcern,andtherearespecificproceduresnowavailableto
changebehavior
c)labelinganindividualimpliesthataparticulartreatmentprogramwillbehelpful
d)labelinganindividualisusefulforquicklyprovidinggeneralinformationabouthowthat
individualmightperform
8.Whichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofbehaviormodification?
a)Itdefinesproblemsintermsofbehavior.
b)Itstreatmentproceduresandtechniquesarewaysofrearranginganindividual’senvironment.
c)ItstechniquesdrawextensivelyfromtheprinciplesofoperantandPavlovianconditioning.
*d)Itemphasizestheuseofsummarylabelsforclassifyingindividuals.9.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofcovertbehavior?
*a)askierthinking,“IhopeIdon’tfall”b)apitcherthrowingaball
c)astudentdrinkingcoffeed)achildtalkingtoherdoginthebackyard10.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofovertbehavior?
a)feelingsofnervousness*b)yellingatsomeone
c)aboyonadatethinking,“Ilikethisgirl”d)imaginingabeautifulsunset
11.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofanout
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