The Great Depression.docx
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The Great Depression.docx
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TheGreatDepression
GreatDepressionofCanada
ThishomepagewillinformyouoftheeffectsthattheGreatDepressionhadonthecountryofCanadaanditspeople.ItcoversmanyareasoftheDepressionandthewholedurationoftimethatitlasted.
Throughouttheyearsof1929to1939,therewasaworldwideDepressionandCanadawasoneoftheworstaffectedcountries.Financiallyandeconomicallythecountrybegantocollapseregardlessofwhatwasdonebypoliticalpower.
TheCausesOfTheDepression
Effects
HowProvincesWereEffected
HowIndustryandIndividualsWereAffected
LetterstoBennett
HowThePopulationWasEffected
GroupsandExpansions
BankOfCanadaandCanadianRadioBroadcastingCorporation
ReliefCamps
Trekkers
PoliticalRole
RichardBennettandMackenzieKing
THECAUSEOFTHEDEPRESSION
ManyCanadiansofthethirtiesfeltthatthedepressionwasn'tbroughtaboutbytheWallStreetStockMarketCrash,butbytheenormous1928wheatcropcrash.Duetothis,manypeoplewereoutofworkandmoneyandfoodbegantorunlow.ItwassaidbytheFederalDepartmentofLaborthatafamilyneededbetween$1200and$1500ayeartomaintainthe"minimumstandardofdecency."Atthattime,60%ofmenand82%ofwomenmadelessthan$1000ayear.Thegrossnationalproductfellfrom$6.1billionin1929to$3.5billionin1933andthevalueofindustrialproductionhalved.1
UnfortunatelyforthewellbeingofCanada'seconomypricescontinuedtoplummetandtheyevenfellfasterthenwagesuntil1933,atthattime,therewasanotherwagecut,thistimeof15%.ForalltheunemployedtherewasareliefprogramforfamiliesandallunemployedsinglemenweresentpackingbyreliefofficersbyboxcartoBritishColumbia.TherewerealsoworkcampsestablishedforsinglemenbyBennett'sGovernment.
TheGreatDepression,alsoknownasTheDirtyThirties,wasn'tlikeanordinarydepressionwheresavingsvanished(突然消失)andcityfamilieswenttothefarmuntilitblewover.Thisdepressioneffectedeveryoneinsomewayandtherewasbasicallynowaytoescapeit.J.S.WoodsworthtoldParliament"Iftheywentouttoday,theywouldmeetanotherarmyofunemployedcomingbackfromthecountrytothecity."2Asthedepressioncarriedon1in5Canadiansbecamedependentongovernmentrelief.30%oftheLabourForcewasunemployed,whereastheunemploymentratehadpreviouslyneverdroppedbelow12%.
EFFECTS
HowTheProvincesWereEffected
Itwasestimatedbackinthethirtiesthat33%ofCanada'sGrossNationalIncomecamefromexports;sothecountrywasalsogreatlyaffectedbythecollapseofworldtrade.Thefourwesternprairieprovinceswerealmostcompletelydependentontheexportofwheat.Thelittlemoneythattheybroughtinfortheirwheatdidnotcoverproductioncosts,letalonefarmtaxes,depreciation(折旧贬值)andinterestonthedebtsthatfarmerswerebuildingup.Thenetfarmincomefellfrom$417millionin1929to$109millionin1933.
Between1933and1937tomakemattersevenworse,Saskatchewansufferedadrought.Themoneybroughtinforthewheatwasatarecordlowandtheprovincialincomedroppedby90%intwoyears,forcing66%oftheprovinceintorelief.Wherethepreviousyieldperacrewas27bushels,ithaddroppedtoaslittleasthreein1937.Thepriceofgrainalsodroppedfrom$1.60abushelto$0.28abushelin1932.AlthoughOntarioandQuebecwereexperiencingseriousunemployment,asminingandforestincomesfromexportshaddroppedthoughtheywerelesseffectedduetomorediversifiedindustrialeconomics,which,luckilyforthem,protectedtheydomesticmarket.
ForBC,thefish,lumberandfruitmarketswereconsiderablylowerbuttheyweren'tashardhitasthemajorityoftheprovinces.AsfortheMaritimes,theyhadenteredprovincialeconomicdeclineinthe1920'ssothereforetheyhadlessofamargintofallby.Therewasalsoalargervarietyofjobssothewholeincomewasn'twipedoutduetothefallofonemarket.In1934NewfoundlandhadtosurenderitsgovernmentresponsibilitiesandhadtoaskforfinancialaidfromBritain.
HowTheIndividualandIndustryWasEffected
Foranunemployedindividualpersonduringthedepressiontherewerenojobsandforthosethathadajobtherewasahighchancethatitcouldbelost.Furthertherewaslittleincomefromthemajorityofjobs.Tensofthousandsofpeopleweredependentongovernmentrelief,charityandfoodhandoutsfordailysurvival.Parentsfounditdifficulttokeepyoungchildreninschoolbecausetheywereneededonthefarmstobringinasmuchgoodsaspossible.Universitystudentswerealsodroppingoutalloverthecountrybecausetuitionwastoomuchtopay.Thehomeworkersofthehouseshadtofindparttimejobsto"makeendsmeet."
Thesameill-fortunewasfeltbyindustrybusiness.Thevaluesofstocksweredroppingrapidlyandasthedemandforgoodsandservicesdroppedbusinessfirmsceasedtoexist.EventheCPR,consideredontheworld'smostreliableincomeearners,didn'tmakeenoughmoneyin1932.
LETTERSTOBENNETT
DearSir:
IamwritingyouasalastresourcetoseeifIcannot,throughyouraid,obtainapositionandatlast,afteraperiodofmorethantwoyears,supportmyself.ThefactisthisdayIamfacedwithstarvationandIseenopossibilityforcounteractingitorevenavertingittemporarily.
IhaveappliedforeverypositionthatIheardaboutbuttherewerealwayssomanygirlswhoappliedthatitwasimpossibletogetwork...FirstIatethreeverylightmealsaday;thentwoandthenone.DuringthepasttwoweeksIhaveeatenonlytoastandadrunkacupofteaeveryotherday.
DayafterdayIpassadelicatessenandthefoodinthewindowlookoh,sogood!
SotemptingandI'msohungry!
...ThestampwhichcarriesthislettertoyouwillrepresentthelastthreecentsIhaveintheworld,yetbeforeIwillstooptodishonourmyfamily,mycharacterormyGod,Iwilldrownmyselfin.
Hamilton,Ontario
DearMr.Bennett:
IsupposeIamsillytowritethisletterbutIhaven'tanyoneelsetowriteto...wearejustoneofmanyonreliefandtryingtokeepourplacewithoutbeingstarvedout...tryingtogetastartwithoutandmoneyand5children,allsmall...Iamsurewecanmakeagoofthisplace...ifwecouldjustmanageuntilnextfall.Justhad70Acresinlastyearandthedryspelljustcaughtitrightalongwiththegrasshoppers.
Pleasehelpmebystandingmesomemoneyandwillsendyoumyengagementringandweddingringassecurity...Mytworingscostover$100over15yearsagobutwhatgoodaretheywhentheflourisnearlyalldoneandthereisn'tmuchtoeatinthehouse...
Burton,Alberta
DearSir:
Iwishtogivemyopinionofrelief.Firstitisashameforastrongmantoaskforreliefinthiscountry...Thebestthingthatcanhappentoayoungmanistotosshimoverboardandcompelhimtosinkorswim,inallmyacquaintanceIhaveneverknownonetodrownwhowasworthsaving...Ittakeshardshiptomakerealmenandwomensocutoutofrelief...Therearesomepeopleinthiscountrywhoareinhardcircumstances,butIcansafelysaythereisnoonehavinghardshipthatwepioneershad28or30yearsago.
BlaineLake,Saskatchewan
ThepreviouslettersaretakenfromTowardsTomorrow;CanadainaChangingWorld;History
HowThePopulationWasEffected
Thepopulationgrowthinthe30'shadreachedthelowestsince1880duetotheplummetingnumbersofimmigrantsandbirths.ThenumberofImmigrantsintoCanadadroppedfrom169000in1929tofewerthan12000in1935andfortherestofthethirtiesitdidnotriseabout17000.Almost30000immigrantswereforcedtogobacktotheirhomecountryduetoillnessandunemployment.Thenumberofdeportationsalsorosefromfewerthen2000in1929tomorethan7600withinthreeyears.Thedeathratealsoroseduetopoorlivingconditions,starvation,anddisease.Thebirthratedroppedfrom13.1livebirthsper100in1930to9.7in1937.
GROUPSANDEXPANSIONSINTRODUCEDTOCANADA
Thedepressionofthethirtiesresultedintheexpansionofgovernmentresponsibilitiesfortheeconomyandwelfareofthecountryanditspeople.Bornin1932theCanadianRadioBroadcastingCommissionwascreated.In1934,Bennett'sgovernmentmadetheBankofCanadatoregulatetheMonetaryPolicy.TheCanadianWheatBoardwascreatedin1935tomarketandestablishtheminimumpriceforwheat.
Thedepressionalsosparkedavarietyofreformmovementsincluding,SocialCredit,"WorkandWages"Program,Co-operativeCommonwealthFederation,UnionNationalandW.D.Herridge.Therewasalsothereliefprogramthatwassetupforfamiliesinneedandthemonthlyrateforafamilyoffivevariedfrom$60inCalgaryto$17inHalifax.
ThedepressionalsoleadtotheoutlawandeventuallythebanningoftheCommunistPartyofCanada.ThePartywasoutlawedfrom1931to1936whenagroupofnineleaderswerearrestedforbeingmembersofan"unlawfulassociation".Theywereagainbannedwhenwarwasdeclaredin1939althoughgroupsofworkers',theUnityLeague,theReliefCampWorkersUnion,andtheNationalUnemployedWorkersAssociationmadeanorganizationandprotested.
BankOfCanadaandCanadianRadioBroadcastingCommission
Toenlargethegovernmentthepoliticalgroupscreatedtwoimportantbusinessesthatarestillaroundtoday.TheyaretheBankofCanadain1934whichwaslaternationalizedin1937,andtheCanadianRadioBroadcastingCommissionin1932laterchangedtoCanadianBroadcastingCorporationalsoin1937.
TheCRBCwascratedtoestablishapubliclyownedradionetworkbroadcastinginbothFrenchandEnglish.Peoplefeltthattheneedforradiowasimportantbecauseitbecametheonlye
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