论我国可持续发展的环境经济法律制度On the environmental economic legal system of sustainable develo.docx
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论我国可持续发展的环境经济法律制度On the environmental economic legal system of sustainable develo.docx
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论我国可持续发展的环境经济法律制度Ontheenvironmentaleconomiclegalsystemofsustainabledevelo
论我国可持续发展的环境经济法律制度(OntheenvironmentaleconomiclegalsystemofsustainabledevelopmentinChina)
OntheenvironmentaleconomiclegalsystemofsustainabledevelopmentinChina
Authors:
WangMingyuan/MaXiangcong
Theenvironmentaleconomiclawsystemplaysaveryimportantroleintherealizationofsustainabledevelopment.AsChina'smodernenterprisesystemgraduallyperfect,propertyrelationshasbecomeincreasinglyclear,economicdiversification,theenvironmentaleconomicmeans,microeconomicfoundationtoimplementenvironmentaleconomiclegalsystemhasbasicallyhave,therefore,tostrengthentheenvironmentaleconomicmeansinsustainabledevelopment,realizethelegalizationofenvironmentalmanagementimperative.
1,thetheoreticalanalysisoftheeconomicoriginandCountermeasuresofenvironmentalproblems
Theimportantcharacteristicofenvironmentalproblemsliesinitsexternaldiseconomy,thatis,theadverseeffectsontheenvironmentalresourcescausedbythebehaviorofthemarketsubjectsarebornebythethirdpartiesotherthantheactors-otherpeopleorfuturegenerations.The"externaldiseconomy"ofmarinefish,publicpastureandair,waterandothercommonresourcesandpublicgoodsisveryobvious.Ifthemarketcanbearbitrary,freeandunrestricteddevelopmentandutilizationofcommonresourcesordischargeofpollutantsintotheenvironment,fromtheshortterm,eachmainmarketcangetallthebenefitsaretheexcessiveexploitationandutilizationofenvironmentalresourcesinthebehavior,andtheresultingnegativebenefitsareallocatedtotheotherthedevelopment,useandlater.Inthisway,drivenbyprofitmotive,eachmarketsubjecttouncontrolledexploitationandutilizationofenvironmentalresources,theresultwillbe,inthelongrun,thecommonbehaviorofmultimarketwillinevitablyleadtothedepletionofresources,environmentalpollutionanddestruction,causingirreparabledamagetothedevelopmentandutilization,whichiswhatpeople"thetragedyofthecommons".
Obviously,duetoenvironmentalproblemswith"externality",makethemarketmainbodyindeterminingthedifferentlevelsofproduction,investment,consumptionandotheractivities,oftenonlyfromtheirownpointofviewtoconsiderthecostsandbenefitsofvariouschoicesfacedbytheenvironment,andtheelementsrequiredforineconomicactivities(suchasair,water,environmentthepollutantcarryingcapacityetc.)inputandoutput,especiallythewidespreadsocialconsequence(suchasontheproperty,humanhealth,productionandlifeactivities,environmentalcomfortandaestheticvalueoftheenvironmentdamage),butnotthemainmarketfoldsynthesisandrelatedcostsandbenefits,andthereforecannotverygoodeffectofthedecision.Moreover,underthepressureofcompetition,theenvironmentalcostsarethemainbodyofthemarketevenawareofitsactivitiestothesocietyby,aslongasthebehaviorisnotaffectedbysociety'sseverepunishmentisoftenignored,buttheenvironmentalcoststoothersandthefuture.Becauseoftheexcessiveexploitationofnaturalresourcespriceisnotbornebythedevelopmentandutilizationofenvironmentalpollution,thecostisnotbornebythepolluters,theydonotwanttospendalotofmoneytoprotectthenaturalresources,environmentalpollutionpreventionandcontrol.Asaresult,theprotectionofnaturalresourcesandthepreventionandcontrolofenvironmentalpollutionhavebecomethe"blindspot"ofthemarketeconomy,while"externaldiseconomy"hasbecomeanimportanteconomicsourceofenvironmentalproblems.
Thefaceofthemarketinthefieldofenvironmentalresourcesofthe"failure",thegovernmentmustinterveneandtakeeffectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironmentresources,encouragetheefficientuseofenvironmentalresources,whichpromotestheinternalizationofexternaldiseconomy,achievethedesiredgoalofsocialenvironment.Thisistheprinciplethattheeconomydependsonthemarketandtheenvironmentdependsonthegovernment.Itisalsothebasictrainofthoughtforsolvingtheenvironmentalproblemsandrealizingthesustainabledevelopment.
Inordertopromotetheinternalizationofexternaldiseconomy,therearethreemaintypesofenvironmentalpolicyandlawsystem:
directcontrol,indirectregulationandself-regulation".Theso-called"directcontrol",namelytheformulationandimplementationofenvironmentallawsandregulations,thesubjectis"commandandcontrol"measures,whichalsoistheeconomicplan,economicmeansandmeansofpublicitysoastoprovidebasicsecurityandlegalframework.Asfarastheapplicationrangeisconcerned,thismodelismainlyappliedtopollutioncontrol,andalsohassomeapplicationinthemanagementofnaturalresources.Itsoutstandingfeatureisitsstrictness,mandatory,
Thosewhopollutetheenvironmentordevelopandutilizenaturalresourcesmustabidebytherelevantlawsandregulations,otherwisetheywillbesubjectedtocivil,administrativeandcriminalsanctions."Directcontrol"istheenvironmentalresourcemanagementmodewidelyadoptedbymanycountries,theUnitedStatesistypicalofthemodel,the"commandandcontrol"meanscanbesummarizedintofouraspects:
thedeterminationofstandardsandregulations,licensing,supervision,theimplementationofsanctionsagainstoffenders.
Theso-called"indirectregulation",namelytheuseofeconomicinstruments,itsessenceisinaccordancewiththecompensationfortheuseofenvironmentalresourcesandthe"polluterpays"principle,throughthemarketmechanism,thedevelopmentandutilizationofresources,environmentalpollutionanddamagetotheproducersandconsumersbearthecorrespondingeconomiccosts,andfromtheenvironmentalcostsintoalllevelsofeconomicanalysisanddecision-makingprocess.Topromotethedevelopmentandutilizationofresources,environmentpollutionanddestructionfromtheirownintereststochoosemoreconducivetoenvironmentalresourcesproduction,managementandconsumption,butalsocanraisefundsbythegovernmentaccordingtotheneedtocontrol,tosupporttheconstructionofcleantechnologyresearch,development,promotion,applicationandcomprehensiveregulation,regionalenvironmentthekeysourcesofpollutioncontrol,pollutioncontrolinfrastructureandsomespecialtypeofenvironmentalvictimsrelief,changeTofreeorcheapuseofenvironmentalresourcesandtotransferenvironmentalcoststosociety,soastomaximizetheeconomic,social,environmentalandresourcecoordinateddevelopmentofthepolicyobjectives.
Intheory,thesustainabledevelopmentoftheindirectcontrolofthemaineconomicmeanstoimposeafeesystemenvironmentandtheenvironmentaltaxsystem,fiscalstimuluscreditsystem,emissionstradingsystem,environmentallabelingsystem,depositsystem,executionsystemandencouragingenvironmentalliabilityinsurancesystem,thedesignofsystemfunctioneachmeans,usuallyforfinancing,economicstimulusorthetwobothatthesametime.
Thelastmodelisself-regulation,whichencouragesthepublic,non-governmentalorganizationsandindustrialenterprisestochangetheirenvironmentalbehaviorthroughadvocacy,education,cooperationandcommunication.Generallyspeaking,themoreseverethedirectcontrolofacountry,thehighertheeconomicandtechnologicallevel,thestrongerthepeople'senvironmentalawareness,andthegreatertheroleofthismodel.
2,improvethebasicbackgroundofChina'senvironmentaleconomiclegalsystem
After20yearsofdevelopment,Chinahasformulatedandimplementedaseriesofpreventionandcontrolofenvironmentalpollutionandprotectionofnaturalresourcesintheenvironmentalprotectionlawsandregulations,establishedthe"preventionfirst,combiningpreventionwithcontrol"and"whodevelopment,whomaintainthepolluter,whocontrol"and"strengthentheenvironmentalmanagementof"threepolicyformationtheenvironmentalimpactassessmentsystem,"threesimultaneous"system,sewagechargessystem,environmentalprotectiontargetresponsibilitysystem,cityenvironmentcomprehensiveimprovementofthequantitativeassessmentsystem,thedeadlinegovernancesystem,thepermitsystem,centralizedpollutioncontrolsystemandeightsystemasthebasiccontentofenvironmentalmanagementsystem.Theaboveadministrativemanagementsystem,focusingonthedischargeofpollutantsafterthestandarddischarge,ingeneral,belongstothe"end"governancemeasures.Althoughtheprincipleof"preventionfirst"hasalreadybeenputforwardin70s,thelackofeffectiveeconomicstimulussystemhasnotbeenfullyimplementedbecauseofthelackofeffectiveadministrativecontrol.Withtheestablishmentofthesocialistmarketeconomicsystem,whilestrengtheningthe"directcontrol",thesoundofeconomicmeanstoprotecttheenvironmentandresourcesisveryhigh.Chinagovernmentinthe"tencountermeasuresforenvironmentanddevelopment"pointedoutin1:
"governmentsatalllevelsshouldmakebetteruseofeconomicmeanstoachievethepurposeofprotecttheenvironment";inthe"Chineseagenda"intwenty-firstCentury2pointedout:
"inordertoadapttotheestablishmentofChinesesystemofsocialistmarketeconomy,toadjusttheexistinglegislationintroducethemethodoflegalregulation,"conformtothelawsofmarketeconomyandmarketmechanism,"throughtheadjustmentofvariouseconomicpolicies,underthenationalmacro-control,promotingsustainableeconomicdevelopmentbyeconomicmeansandmarketmechanism".Thus,theuseofeconomicmeanstopromoteChina'ssustainabledevelopmenthasbeenplacedinaveryimportantposition.
3,toimpro
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