英语连词.docx
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英语连词.docx
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英语连词
Ⅰ.连词的分类
1264 从形式上看,连词可以分为简单连词(SimpleConjunctions),如:
and,but,if;副词连词(AdverbialConjunctions),如:
then,besides,still;短语连词(Conjunction-Phrases),如:
asyet,orrather,ontheotherhand;和关联连词(CorrelativeConjunctions),如:
so…that…,either…or…,noton-ly…but…间或后面跟某种副词,如:
and…aswell,but…allthesame。
1265 根据用法,连词可以分为并列连词(CoordinateConjunc-tions),如:
and,but,besides,和从属连词(SubordinateCon-junctions),如:
than,then,if。
Ⅱ.并列连词
A.并列连词的一般特点
1.并列连词连接单词、短语或分句
1266 并列连词(下面的黑体字)用来连接两个或更多的a.单词;
b.短语,c.单词及短语,d.分句(见下面的斜体字);
a.heishealthyandhandsome.(单词与单词)
Hecameandsatdownandspoketome.
b.Thebutterfliesflewoverourheadsandabouttheflowers.(短语及短语)
Theywanttowinthewar,buttopaynoprice.
Welivedinthecountryside,merelyreadingnovels,(or)playinggames,ortellingstories.
c.Ifeelfunnyandoutofsorts.(单词及短语)
Ideclarethisseriouslyandwithconfidence.
Idevotemysparetimetomusic,books,orplayingten-nis.
d.Iplayedtheviolinandshesang.(分句及分句)
Iwanttogotocollegebutmyparentswantmetogetmarried.
Donotmoveoryouareadeadman.
Iknowthathehasbeenarrestedandthatheisinprison.(名词从句及名词从句)
e.Let'stakehimtothehospitalorsomething.(分句及单词)(少见)
Youcandoanythingyoulikeandwelcome.
2.并列连词连接同一级别的词
1267 从上面例句中可以看出,并列连词必须连接同一词类的词:
在a组例句中连接形容词与形容词,动词与动词,副词与副词;在b组例句中,连接介词短语与介词短语,不定式短语与不定式短语,分词短语与分词短语;在c组例句中,连接单词与短语——形容词与形容词短语,副词与副词短语,名词与名词短语;在d组例句中,连接分句与分句,名词从句与名词从句;在e组例句中,连接单词或短语与分句,但这种连接法是例外情况。
3.关联连词
1268 a.关联连词(下面例句中的黑体字)必须放在它所连接的两个词(组)中间,b.除了连词外,还有某些副词或副词短语(见下面斜体字)可放在第一词(组)之前,c.这些副词或副词短语间或放在第二词(组)后面。
这种与副词或副词短语一起用的连词称为关联连词。
a.JohnandMaryaremychildren.
Helooksdirtybuthappy.
b.Heisatoncehonestandclever.
Onemustbeeitherhard-workingoreconomical.
Heisnotonly(ornotjust)asoldier,butalsoawriter.
Ontheonehandhetriedtosmuggledrugs,andontheotherhetriedtobribetheofficials.
Ihavenever(副词可以放在分句内而不是放在它前面)beeninAfrica,norhasmybrother.
c.Heishonestandclever,too.
Thatisnotcheapandnotusefuleither.
Hehadfailedseveraltimes,buthepersistedinhisplanallthesame.
4.并列连词前的标点
1269 在并列连词前应用什么标点?
a.单纯的简单并列连词为数不多,只有and,but,or(nor),so.在它们连接较长句时,前面通常加一个逗号:
Iwentandhereturn.但是—IwenttoEuropeonbusinesslastspring,andhereturnedfromEuropethissummer.
Itisneithereasynordifficult.但是—NeithercanIexpressmyopinion,norcanhesayanything.
b.副词连词是那些同时用作副词和连词的词。
它们只用来连接分句,而不连接单词或短语。
(但前面若有单纯连词,它们也可以连接单词或短语。
)它们前面可加逗号或分号:
Herarelymeetspeople,[或;]thereforehefeelsshy.
Heisyoung,[或;]howeverheknowsmorethanheseemsto.
Hehaslivedonthisislandforthirtyyears,[或;]besides
hehasmarriedanativewoman.
Hehasseenmuchoftheworld,[或;]stillheiseagertoseemore.
单纯连词常可放在副词连词前面,这时它前面可加逗号:
Herarelymeetspeople,andthereforehefeelsshy.
Hehasseenmuchoftheworld,butstillheiseagertoseemore.
但若两个分句(或其中一个)中有一逗号,则应用分号代替逗号:
Herarelymeetspeople,eitherboysorgirls;thereforehefeelsshy.
He'syoung;however,heknowsmorethanheseemsto.
Unlikehisbrother,hehasseenmuchoftheworld;stillheiseager,ifpossible,toseemore.
副词连词和短语连词(不包括and,but及or)有时可放在主语后面。
这时这个主语前面应用一个分号,甚至句号:
Johnisseriouslyill.Someofhisbestfriendsandrelatives,therefore,arecomingtoseehim.
Thestormwasterrible;fewhouses,however,weredamaged.
Hemademanymistakes;hisyoungersister,ontheotherhand,madeveryfew.
Notonlyhersondied;sheherselfwentmad,too(oraswell).(这两个词特意放在句末)
c.并列连词若有意把前面一系列句子(看作一个整体)和后面的一个或几个句子(看作一个整体)连接起来,则此并列连词前面还可用句号:
Bobgotupatfiveeverymorning.Hewouldreadnewspaperswhileeatinghisbreakfast.Itwasabouteightwhenhestartedfortheoffice.ButtodayisSunday.Hewantstosleepasmuchaspossible.
d.有时一串平行的短句可用逗号连接起来,而不用连词,看起来是像逗号的滥用,然而却是对的:
Weneedwisdom,weneedmoney,weneedpower.
Onechildisn'tenough,twoarejustright,threearetoomuch.
Pauperswanttoberichmen,richmenwanttobekings,kingswanttobegods.
B.连系连词
1270 并列连词有6种,它们是:
连系连词(CopulativeConjunctions),选择连词(alternativeConjunctions),相反连词(AdversativeConjunctions),推论连词(IllativeConjunctions),解释连词(ExplanatoryConjunctions)和列举连词(Particular-izingConjunctions)。
1271 连系连词,亦称“and-连词”,表示“加上”。
1.连系连词可连接单词或短语:
a.Heishonest(形容词)andintelligent(形容词).(and连接同一词类的词)
Hediditquickly(副词)andeffectively(副词).
Honesty(名词)andwisdom(名词)areessentialtosuccess.
Wetalked(动词)andlaughed(动词)anddrank(动词).
Ourgovernmentisof(介词)thepeople,(and)by(介词)thepeopleandfor(介词)thepeople.
b.Anovelmustbeinteresting
andinstructive
.(用and连接三四样东西有几种方式,注意语调。
)
Anovelmustbeinteresting
,exciting
andinstruc-tive
.
Anovelmustbeinteresting
,exciting
,instruc-tive
.
Anovelmustbeinteresting
andexciting
andin-structive
.
Anovelmustbeinteresting
andexciting
,instruc-tive
andencouraging
.
c.Hebehaveshonestlyandalso(orandlikewise,andeven)wisely.(短语介词)
Hebehaveshonestlyandwiselytoo(oraswell,a-like).(关联连词)
Hebehavesalike(orequally,atonce,both)honestlyandwisely.
Hebehavesnotonly(ornotjust,notalone,notmere-ly)honestly,but(orbutlikewise,butalso)wisely.
Hebehavesnotonlyhonestly,butwiselytoo(oraswell).
d.Hebehaveswiselyaswellashonestly.(=Hebehavesnotonlyhonestly,butalsowisely.)
Hecanmovebackaswellasgoforward.Heisawiseman.
e.Hesellsbananas,pineapples,grapesandothers(orandsoforth,andsoon,andthelike,andallthat,andwhatnot,andsuchlike,andall,andtherest,andthings,etc.)
Hecommitsrapeandmurderandeverythinginbe-tween.
f.Hestayedabroadformonthsandmonths.(很长时间)
Hetravelledformilesandmiles.(很长距离)
Thousandsand(orupon)thousandsofpeoplehavebeenkilled.(大量的)
Shewaitedandwaitedandwaited.(反复的动作)
g.Theywritenonsenseandnovels(=nonsensicalnove-ls).(书面语)
Ishallneverforgethisearnestnessandaffection(=earnestaffection).
Twohourswasspentindiscussionandexcitement.(=excitingdiscussion).
Thatisasinandashame(=ashamefulsin).
Theyareamidstfactionsandintrigues(=thein-triguesoffactions).
Doyouliketolistentogossipandoldwives(=gossipofoldwives)?
Thechildisinterestedinwarriorsandheroicacts(=heroicactsofwarriors).
h.Hedidnotbehave(orneverbehaved)honestly,norwisely(ororwisely,norwiselyeither,orwiselyeither,andnotwiselyeither).(两个否定词)
Hebehaveddishonestly,norwisely.
Hebehavedneitherhonestlynorwisely.
Hebehavedneitherhonestly,norlegally,norwisely.
Ihavenomoneyandfun.
Ihavenomoneyorfun.
Ihavenomoney,norfun.(注意逗号)
Ihavenomoney,norhashe.
i.Comeand(=Cometo)dinewithme.(anddine用来代替todine,可表示dine不仅是来的目的,而且是重要的独立的活动。
)
Comeandseeme(在祈使句中常在原形动词前加and)
Hecameandsatdownbyme.(在陈述句一般过去时前加and)
Hecameandaskedmemanyquestions.
Hewillcomeanddiscussit.(加在助动词后)
Sheshouldcomeandaskme.
Iaskedhimtocomeanddinewithme.(加在to后以避免重复to)
Hewantstocomeandplaytennis.
Standupandsay“hello”tome.(不仅在come后,其他表示行动的动词后也可加and。
)
Gooutandtellhim.
Callandseeme.
Stayandtakedinner.
Thecatrushedandcaughtthemouse.
They,ranoutandwelcomedme.
Marystoppedandtalkedwithawoman.
Hewroteandtoldhisbossoftheresult.
Tryandreadit.
Besureand(=Besureto)come.
Goandbemiserable!
(Goand也可用来表示没有预料到的东西,有时可译为“居然”)
Hewentandspentallhismoneyonrubbish.
Hehasgoneandtoldmysecrettoher.
Adamupped(=gotup)andcursedme.(upand也可表示惊异)
j.Inever“drinkanddrive”.(drinkanddrive作为一体,整个加以否定,不能说IneverdrinkandIneverdrive.)
Youcannot“eatyourcakeandhaveit.”
Don't“proposeonlyonceandgettired.”
Youcannottouchpitchandnotbedefiled(=withoutbeingdefiled).(这个句子中有两个否定词)
Nobodycanhearherstoryandnotbemoved(=withoutbeingmoved).
Imustnotworkforthestoreanddonothing.
k.Whatwith(=Partlybecauseof)hiscourageandwhatwithhiswisdom(orWhatwithhiscourageandhiswis-dom),hebecameanimportantperson.
l.Ihavebeenhappyandsad,masterandslave.(有时两个不同类别的词可以放在一起)
Heisfat,baldandalocalpatriarch.
Ithoughtofthemayorandhowtospeaktohim.12722.连系连词可用来连接分句:
m.IcalledonJohn,andhewelcomedme.(一连串情况)Atfirstherefused,thenheagreed,atlasthesaidno.
Nowthecloudsweredark,nowtheywerebright;nowtheylookedlikecastles,nowtheylookedlikejungles.
n.Heisanengineer,andbesides(oralso,likewise,inadditiontothis,atthesametime)hecanmakeshoes.(提供进一步情况)
Hehasalotofmoneyandheknowsthemayorontheside(=inaddition).(美国口语)
Helivesinaverybigmansion;furthermore(ormore-over),heistheowneroftenfactories.
HeknowsalotaboutIndia;indeed(ornay,whatismore),hehasbeeninmostcountriesinAisa.
Notonlythistownisinpanic,(butalso)alltheworldwasshocked.
o.Icannotgo.First(少用Firstly),Idon'tfeelwell.Secondly,Idon'tknowthatman.Thirdly(orLastly)IamwaitingforJohn.(列举理由、后果、目的等。
注意连词前的句号。
)
Smokingisharmful.First,itcostsmoney.Second,itcausesillness.Third….
Iliketravelling.Forinthefirstplace(orinstance),Icanrelaxmyselfwhiletravelling.Inthesecond(ornext),Icanseemoreoftheworld.Inthethird…Inthelast…
Heishopeless.Foronething,heisoldandsickly.Andforanother,hehasnofriendorrelative.(或Heisoldandsickly,foronething.Foranother…)
p.Ihaveneverbeenabroad,nor(orneither)(=andnever)haveIeverwishedtogo.(每个分句中有一个否定词)
Icannotswim,neither(ornor)canmybrother.
Neitherhashedoneit,norwillhedoit.
Hekeptsilent(=didnotspeak),nor(orneither)didIsayasingleword.
Allthatistrue(=notfalse),normustwedenyit.q.Theworkersrefusedtowork.Likewise,thebossrefusetoincreasetheirwages.
Theparentsdon'tcareabouttheirchildren.Similarly(orInthesameway),thechildrendon'tcareabouttheirparents.
r.Talkofthedevil(祈使句),andhewillappear.(=Ifyoutalkofthedevil,hewillappear.)
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