全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance’sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2,werefertotheseoccurrencesas"seniormoments."3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5.
Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive
8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.
11,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort.
Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst"braintrainingprogram"designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14.
TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback
17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping—muchlikea(n)
20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
1.[A]where
2.[A]improves
[B]when
[B]fades
[C]that
[C]recovers
[D]why
[D]collapses
3.[A]If
[B]Unless
[C]Once
[D]While
4.[A]uneven
[B]limited
[C]damaging
[D]obscure
5.[A]wellbeing
[B]environment
[C]relationship
[D]outlook
6.[A]turns
[B]finds
[C]points
[D]figures
7.[A]roundabouts
[B]responses
[C]workouts
[D]associations
8.[A]genre
[B]functions
[C]circumstances
[D]criterion
9.[A]channel
[B]condition
[C]sequence
[D]process
10.[A]persist
[B]believe
[C]excel
[D]feature
11.[A]Therefore
[B]Moreover
[C]Otherwise
[D]However
12.[A]accordingto
[B]regardlessof
[C]apartfrom
[D]insteadof
13.[A]back
[B]further
[C]aside
[D]around
14.[A]sharpness
[B]stability
[C]framework
[D]flexibility
15.[A]forces
[B]reminds
[C]hurries
[D]allows
16.[A]hold
[B]track
[C]order
[D]pace
17.[A]to
[B]with
[C]for
[D]on
18.[A]irregularly
[B]habitually
[C]constantly
[D]unusually
19.[A]carry
[B]put
[C]build
[D]take
20.[A]risky
[B]effective
[C]idle
[D]familiar
SectionⅡ:
ReadingComprehension
PartA……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Inorderto"changelivesforthebetter"andreduce"dependency,"GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe"upfrontworksearch"scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?
Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker’sallowance."Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon."heclaimed."We’redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster."Help?
Really?
Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith"reforms"toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor"fundamentalfairness"—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.
Losingajobishurting:
youdon’tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:
ajob.
ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency—permanentdependencyifyoucangetit—supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase"jobseeker’sallowance"isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa"jobseeker"whohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited"allowance,"conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousinthe
EU.
21.GeorgeOsborne’sschemewasintendedto.[A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits[B]encouragejobseekers’activeengagementinjobseeking[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily[D]guaranteejobseekers’legitimaterighttobenefits
22.Thephrase,"tosignon"(Line2,Para.2)mostprobablymeans.[A]tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre
[B]toacceptthegovernment’srestrictionsontheallowance[C]toregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment
[D]toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram
23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?
[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.
[B]Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.[D]Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.
24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel.[A]uneasy
[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.
25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?
[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers’laziness.[B]Osborne’sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.
[C]Thejobseekers’allowancehasmettheiractualneeds.[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.
Text2
Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.
Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.
Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:
afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestoday’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.
Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentoo
conservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.
Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.
Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms’efficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.
26.Alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto.[A]thegrowingdemandfromclients
[B]theincreasingpressureofinflation[C]theprospectofworkinginbigfirms[D]theattractionoffinancialrewards
27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?
[A]Highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies.
[B]Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.[C]Pursuingabachelor’sdegreeinano
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