国际商务英语课文.docx
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国际商务英语课文.docx
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国际商务英语课文
Lesson1InternationalBusiness〔国际商务〕
★Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenparties〔当事人、参与者〕fromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareas〔关税区〕ofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport,suchasbusinessbetweenHongKongandTaiwan.
Internationalbusinessinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticbusiness.Thefollowings(以下各项)aresomemajordifferencesbetweenthetwo:
★1.Thecountriesinvolvedoftenhavedifferentlegalsystems〔不同的法律体系〕,andoneormorepartieswillhavetoadjustthemselvestooperateincompliancewith〔遵照、遵从〕theforeignlaw.
2.Differentcountriesusuallyusedifferentcurrencies〔不同的货币〕andthepartieswillhavetodecidewhichcurrencytouseanddoeverythingnecessaryasregards〔关于〕conversion〔兑换〕etc.Uncertaintiesandevenrisksareofteninvolvedintheuseofaforeigncurrency.
3.Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.oftenconstitutechallengesandeventrapsforpeopleengagedininternationalbusiness.
4.Countriesvaryinnaturalandeconomicconditionsandmayhavedifferentpoliciestowardsforeigntradeandinvestment,makinginternationalbusinessmorecomplexthandomesticbusiness.
Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization〔经济全球化〕,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrom〔置身于外〕internationalbusiness.Someknowledgeinthisrespect〔方面〕isnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement〔个人进步〕.
Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade〔商品贸易〕,i.e.〔即〕exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresale(消费或转售)inanother.Thisformoftradeisalsoreferredtoas〔被称为〕visibletrade〔有形贸易〕.Lateradifferentkindoftradeintheformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting〔咨询〕,information〔信息业〕etc.graduallybecamemoreandmoreimportant.Thistypeoftradeiscalledinvisibletrade〔无形贸易〕.Today,thecontributionofserviceindustries(效劳业)ofthedevelopedcountriesconstitutesover60%oftheirgrossdomesticproducts〔国内生产总值〕andaccountfor(占…)anincreasingproportionofworldtrade.
★Anotherimportantformofinternationalbusinessissupplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoanother,knownasinternationalinvestment〔国际投资〕.Suchinvestmentscanbeclassifiedintotwocategories.Thefirstkindofinvestments,foreigndirectinvestments〔外国直接投资〕orFDIforshortismadeforreturns〔回报〕throughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostcountry(东道国).Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates,whilethecountrywheretheheadquartersofinvestorislocatediscalledthehomecountry〔投资国〕.Thesecondkindofinvestment,portfolioinvestment〔证券投资〕,referstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassets〔金融资产〕forapurposeotherthancontrolling.Suchfinancialassetsmaybestocks〔股票〕,bonds〔债券〕orcertificateofdeposit〔大额存单〕.Stocksarealsocalledcapitalstocksorbonds〔股本或股份〕.★Bondsarepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.Thematurityperiod〔到期时间〕ofabondisatleastoneyear,oftenlonger,forexamplefive,oreventenyears.Certificatesofdepositgenerallyinvolvelargeamounts,say25thousandUSdollars.
★Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensing〔国际许可〕andfranchising〔特许经营〕aresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.Inlicensing,afirmleases〔出租〕therighttouseitsintellectualproperty〔知识产权〕toafirminanothercountry.Suchintellectualpropertymaybetrademarks〔商标〕,brandnames〔品牌〕,patents〔专利〕,copyrights〔版权〕ortechnology〔技术〕.Firmschooselicensingisbecausetheydon’thavetomakecashpaymenttostartbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty〔知识产权/专利使用费〕.Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperation(当地经营优势)withoutanyobligationinownershipormanagement.Theuseoflicensingisparticularlyencouragedbyhighcustomsduty〔关税〕andnon-tariffbarriers〔非关税壁垒〕onthepartofthehostcountry.Howeveritisnotadvisabletouselicensingagreementincountrieswithweakintellectualpropertyprotection〔知识产权保护〕sincethelicensor〔许可方〕mayhavedifficultyinenforcinglicensingagreement〔执行许可协议〕.
Franchisingcanberegardedasaspecialformoflicensing.Underfranchising,afirm,calledthefranchisee〔特许使用方〕,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,calledthefranchiser〔特许授予方〕whoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logos〔公司标志〕,andoperatingtechniques〔经营技巧〕forroyalty〔特许使用费〕.Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenser〔许可授予方〕andthelicensee〔许可使用方〕,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.
★Thefranchisercandevelopinternationallyandgainaccesstousefulinformationaboutthelocalmarketwithlittleriskandcost,andthefranchiseecaneasilygetintoabusinesswithestablished〔已获认可的〕productsorservices.Franchisingisfairlypopularespeciallyinhotelandrestaurantbusiness.
Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract〔管理合同〕,contractmanufacturing〔生产合同〕,andturnkeyproject〔“交钥匙〞工程〕.
Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpayment〔固定费用〕orapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume(相关业务总价值).★Sometimesbonuses〔分红〕basedonprofitabilityorsalesgrowtharealsospecialized(注明)inmanagementcontracts.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiderstobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,managementcontractsmaybeapractical〔切实可行的〕choicesenablingaforeigncompanytooperateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.
Bycontractmanufacturing,afirmcanconcentrateontheirstrongestpartinthevaluechain〔价值链〕,e.g.marketing,whilecontractingwithforeigncompaniesforthemanufactureoftheirproducts.Suchfirmscanreducetheamountoftheirresourcesdevotedtomanufactureandbenefitfromlocationadvantages(当地优势)fromproductioninhostcounties.★However,lossofcontrolovertheproducingprocessmaygiveriseto〔产生〕problemsinrespectofqualityandtimeofdelivery〔交货期〕.
Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.Suchprojectsareoftenlargeandcomplexandtakealongperiodtocomplete.Paymentforaturnkeyprojectmaybemadeatafixedtotalpriceoronacostplusbasis〔在实际本钱之外收取一定费用〕.Thelatterwayofpaymentshiftstheburdenofpossibleadditionalcostovertheoriginalbudgetontothepurchaser.
★BOT〔建设、经营、移交〕isapopularvariantoftheturnkeyprojectwhereBstandsforbuild,OforoperateandTfortransfer.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperatesafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.MakingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyproject.Needlesstosay,thecontractorhastobearthefinancialandotherrisksthatmayoccurintheperiodofoperation.
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