雅思阅读真题大全解.docx

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雅思阅读真题大全解

11111111TheSpectacularEruptionofMountSt.Helens

ATheeruptioninMay1980ofMountSt.Helens,WashingtonState,astoundedtheworldwith

itsviolence.Agiganticexplosiontoremuchofthevolcano'ssummittofragments;theenergy

releasedwasequaltothatof500ofthenuclearbombsthatdestroyedHiroshimain1945.

BTheeventoccurredalongtheboundaryoftwoofthemovingplatesthatmakeuptheEarth's

crust.TheymeetatthejunctionoftheNorthAmericancontinentandthePacificOcean.One

edgeofthecontinentalNorthAmericanplateover-ridestheoceanicJuandeFucamicro-plate,

producingthevolcanicCascaderangethatincludesMountsBaker,RainierandHood,andLassen

PeakaswellasMountSt.Helens.

CUntilMountSt.Helensbegantostir,onlyMountBakerandLassenPeakhadshownsignsof

lifeduringthe20thcentury.AccordingtogeologicalevidencefoundbytheUnitedStates

GeologicalSurvey,therehadbeentwomajoreruptionsofMountSt.Helensintherecent

（geologicallyspeaking）past:

around1900B.C.,andaboutA.D.1500.Sincethearrivalof

Europeansintheregion,ithadexperiencedasingleperiodofspasmodicactivity,between1831

and1857.Then,formorethanacentury,MountSt.Helenslaydormant.

DBy1979,theGeologicalSurvey,alertedbysignsofrenewedactivity,hadbeenmonitoring

thevolcanofor18months.Itwarnedthelocalpopulationagainstbeingdeceivedbythe

mountain'soutwardcalm,andforecastthataneruptionwouldtakeplacebeforetheendofthe

century.Theinhabitantsoftheareadidnothavetowaitthatlong.OnMarch27,1980,afew

cloudsofsmokeformedabovethesummit,andslighttremorswerefelt.Onthe28th,largerand

darkerclouds,.consistingofgasandashes,.emergedandclimbedashighas20,000feet.InApril

aslightlullensued,butthevolcanologistsremainedpessimistic.The,inearlyMay,thenorthern

flankofthemountainbulged,andthesummitroseby500feet.

EStepsweretakentoevacuatethepopulation.Most-campers,hikers,timbercuttersleftthe

slopesofthemountain.Eighty-four-year-oldHarryTruman,aholidaylodgeownerwhohadlived

thereformorethan50years,refusedtobeevacuated,inspiteofofficialandpublic,includingan

entireclassofschoolchildren,wrotetohim,begginghimtoleave.Heneverdid.

FOnMay18,at8.32inthemorning,MountSt.Helensblewitstop.literally.Suddenly,itwas

1300feetshorterthanithadbeenbeforeitsgrowthhadbegun.Overhalfacubicmileofrockhad

disintegrated.Atthesamemoment,anearthquakewithanintensityof5ontheRichterscalewas

recorded.Ittriggeredanavalancheofsnowandice.mixedwithhotrock-theentirenorthfaceof

themountainhadfallenaway.Awaveofscorchingvolcanicgasandrockfragmentsshot

horizontallyfromthevolcano'srivenflank,ataninescapable200milesperhour.Asthesliding

iceandsnowmelted,ittouchedoffdevastatingtorrentsofmudanddebris,whichdestroyedall

lifeintheirpath.Pulverised,whichdestroyedalllifeintheirpath.Pulverisedrockclimbedasa

dustcloudintotheatmosphere.Finally,viscouslava,accompaniedbyburningcloudsofashand

gas,welledoutofvolcano'snewcrater,andfromlesserventsandcracksinitsflanks.

GAfterwards,scientistswereabletoanalysethesequenceofevents.First,magmamolten

rock-attemperaturesabove2000oF.hadsurgedintothevolcanofromtheEarth'smantle.The

build-upwasaccompaniedbyanaccumulationofgas,whichincreasedasthemassofmagma

grew.Itwasthepressureinsidethemountainthatmadeitswell.Next,theriseingaspressure

causedaviolentdecompression.Whichejectedtheshatteredsummitlikeacorkfromashaken

sodabottle.Withthesummitgone,themoltenrockwithinwasreleasedinajetofgasand

fragmentedmagma,andlavawelledfromthecrater.

HTheeffectsoftheMountSt.Helenseruptionwerecatastrophic.Almostallthetreesofthe

surroundingforest,mainlyDouglasfirs.wereflattened.andtheirbranchesandbarkrippedoffby

theshockwaveoftheexplosion.Ashandmudspreadovernearly200squaremilesofcountry.All

thetownsandsettlementsintheareaweresmotheredinanevencoatingofash.Volcanicashsilted

uptheColumbiaRiver35milesaway,reducingthedebristhataccumulatedatthefootofthe

volcanoreachedadepth.inplaces,of200feet.

ITheeruptionofMountSt.Helenswasoneofthemostcloselyobservedandanalysedin

history.Becausegeologistshadbeenexpectingtheevent,theywereabletoamassvastamountsof

technicaldatawhenithappened.Studyofatmosphericparticlesformedasaresultofthe

explosionshowedthatdropletsofsulphuricacid,actingasascreenbetweentheSunandthe

Earth'ssurface,causedadistinctdropintemperature.ThereisnodoubtthattheactivityofMount

St.Helensandothervolcanoessince1980hasinfluencedourclimate.Evenso,ithasbeen

calculatedthatthequantityofdustejectedbyMountSt.Helens-aquarterofacubicmile-was

negligibleincomparisonwiththatthrownoutbyearliereruptions,suchasthatofMountKatmai

inAlaskain1912（threecubicmiles）.Thevolcanoisstillactive.Lavadomeshaveformedinside

thenewcrater,andhaveperiodicallyburst.ThethreatofMountStHelensliveson.

.Questions1and2

Answerquestions1and2bywritingtheappropriateletterA-Iinboxes1and2onyouranswer

sheet.

ExampleAnswer

WhichparagraphcomparestheeruptiontotheenergyA

releasedbynuclearbomb?

1.Whichparagraphdescribestheevacuationofthemountain?

2.WhichparagraphdescribesthemomentoftheexplosionofMountSt.Helens?

Questions3and4

3.WhatarethedatesoftheTWOmajoreruptionsofMountSt.Helensbefore1980?

WriteTWOdatesinbox3onyouranswersheet.

4Howdoscientistsknowthatthevolcanoexplodedaroundthetwodatesabove?

UsingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDS,writeyouranswerinbox4onyouranswer

sheet

Questions5-8

CompletethesummaryofeventsbelowleadinguptotheeruptionofMountSt.Helens.Choose

NOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.

In1979theGeologicalSurveywarned...（5）...toexpectaviolenteruptionbeforetheendofthe

century.Theforecastwassoonprovedaccurate.AttheendofMarchthereweretremorsand

cloudsformedabovethemountain.Thiswasfollowedbyalull,butinearlyMaythetopofthe

mountainroseby...（6）....Peoplewere...（7）...fromaroundthemountain.Finally,onMay18th

at...（8）...,MountSt.Helensexploded.

Question9and10

CompletethetablebelowgivingevidenceforthepoweroftheMountSt.Helenseruption.

Writeyouranswersinboxes9and10onyouranswersheet.

ItemEquivalentto

Example

Theenergyreleasedbytheexplosionof

MountSt.Helens

Answer

500nuclearbombs

Theareaoflandcoveredinmudorash...（9）...

Thequantityofdustejected...（10）...

Question11

ChoosetheappropriateletterA-Dandwriteitinbox11oneyouranswersheet.

11.AccordingtothetexttheeruptionofMountSt.Helensandothervolcanoeshasinfluencedour

climateby...

Aincreasingtheamountofrainfall.

Bheatingtheatmosphere.

Ccoolingtheairtemperature.

Dcausingatmosphericstorms.

READINGPASSAGE2

Questions12-16

ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphsA-G.

ChoosethemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphsB-EandGfromthelistofheadingbelow.

Writetheappropriatenumbers（i-x）inboxes12-16onyouranswersheet.

NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphssoyouwillnotuseallofthem.

Youmayuseanyoftheheadingsmorethanonce.

ListofHeadings

（i）Theeffectofchangingdemographicsonorganisations

（ii）FuturechangesintheEuropeanworkforce

（iii）Theunstructuredinterviewanditsvalidity

（iv）Theperson-skillsmatchapproachtoselection

（v）Theimplicationsofapoorperson-environmentfit

（vi）Somepoorselectiondecisions

（vii）Thevalidityofselectionprocedures

（viii）Theperson-environmentfit

（ix）PastandfuturedemographicchangesinEurope

（x）Adequateandinadequateexplanationsoforganisationalfailure

ExampleParagraphAAnswer（x）

12.ParagraphB

13.ParagraphC

14.ParagraphD

15.ParagraphE

16.ParagraphG

PEOPLEANDORGANISATIONS:

THESELECTIONISSUE

AIn1991,accordingtotheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry,arecord48,000British

companieswentoutofbusiness.Whenbusinessesfail,thepost-mortemanalysisistraditionally

undertakenbyaccountantsandmarketstrategists.Unarguablyorganisationsdofailbecauseof

undercapitalisation,poorfinancialmanagement,adversemarketconditionsetc.Yet,conversely,

organisationswithsoundfinancialbacking,goodproductideasandmarketacumenoften

underperformandfailtomeetshareholders'expectations.Thecomplexity,degreeandsustainment

oforganisationalperformancerequiresanexplanationwhichgoesbeyondthebalancesheetand

the"paperconversion"offinancialinputsintoprofitmakingoutputs.Amorecomplete

explanationof"whatwentwrong"necessarilymustconsidertheessenceofwhatanorganisation

actuallyisandthatoneofthefinancialinputs,themostimportantandoftenthemostexpensive,is

people.

BAnorganisationisonlyasgoodasthepeopleitemploys.Selectingtherightpersonforthe

jobinvolvesmorethanidentifyingtheessentialordesirablerangeofskills,educationaland

professionalqualificationsnecessarytoperformthejobandthenrecruitingthecandidatewhois

mostlikelytopossesstheseskillsoratleastisperceivedtohavetheabilityandpredispositionto

acquirethem.Thisisapurelyperson/skillsmatchapproachtoselection.

CWorkinvariablytakes