美国文学简史期末复习资料.docx
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美国文学简史期末复习资料.docx
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美国文学简史期末复习资料
i.TheColonialPeriod
1.关键词:
AmericaPuritanism
2.Calvinism特点:
totaldepravity,Unconditionalelection,Limitedatonement,Irresistiblegrace,Perseveranceofthesaints
3.AnneBradstreet(P17):
aPuritanpoetbeknownas“TheMuse”
4.ThomasPaine:
oneofcontinual,unswervingfightfortherightsofman.
5.works:
“CommonSense”“AmericanCrisis”“TheRightsofMan”“TheAgeofReason”理性时代
6.PhillipFreneau(P22):
美国文学史上的重要人物
7.dawningnationalism代表人物
Poems:
TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花
firstmodernAmerican&thelastmedievalman
8.JonathanEdwards(Calvinism)
9.acriticalroleinshapingtheFirstGreatAwakening
10.works:
“TheFreedomoftheWill”《自由意志论》“TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“TheNatureofTrueVirtue”“AmericanDream”“Self-made”
11.BenjaminFranklin(puritanism)
12.“PoorRichard’sAlmance”“autobiography”新文学形式
13.“18thcenturyenlightenment”
ii.Romanticism
1.WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)
2.①titles:
“thefatherofAmericanliterature”
3.“theAmericanGoldsmith”
4.②works:
TheSketchBook(markedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticismandthebeginningofshortstoriesasagenreinAmericanliterature)
5.RipVanWinkle(P47—P48)
TheLegendofSleepyHollow
6.JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)
7.①OneofthefirstwritertowriteAmericanWestwardmovement
8.②“TheLeatherstockingTales”(novel)
9.firstis“ThePioneers”
10.---Plot:
---themeconflictbetweenNattyBumppoandJudgeTemple-
---character:
NattyBumppo---innocent,simple,honestandgenerous,forfreedom,againstcivilization,wildernessisgood
JudgeTemple---just,reasonable,forcivilizationandlaw
③Writingstyle:
intriguingplot
majesticlandscapedescriptions
richimagination
woodencharacterization
notauthenticdialect
iii.NewEnglandTranscendentalism---theculminationofAmericanRomanticism
iv.BeginningoftheTranscendentalism---1836,Nature,Emerson(1830s–theCivilWar)
v.Features:
a:
emphasizingonspiritortheOver-soul;b:
stressingtheimportanceoftheindividual;c:
offeringafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.
1.RalphWaldoEmerson:
ThefounderoftheTranscendentalistclubandtheeditorforatimeofthejournaltheDial
2.Works:
Nature---“theManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”“theBibleofNewEngland”:
ThePoet(fromNature)
TheAmericanScholar---“IntellectualDeclarationofIndependence”
3.HenryDavidThoreau
4.Masterpiece:
Walden(Failurefirst,successinthe20thcentury)
5.Content---afaithfulrecordofhisreflectionincommunicatingwithnature
6.NathanielHawthorne
7.“TheScarletLetter”
8.Plot(P74)
Theme:
---(generaltheme)evilandsinexistinhumanheartandwillbepunishedoneday
moral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectofthesinonthepeopleingeneral
---(specifictheme)ahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanHesterwhensinnedagainst
symbolism象征主义:
“A”—Adultery—able—angel
“pearl”—treasure
9.HermanMelville
10.works:
MobyDick(1851)---littleresponse,famousuntilthe20thcentury
11.Content:
---(generalcontent)anencyclopediaofeverything
---(specificcontent)atragedyofmanfightingagainstoverwhelmingpowerinanindifferentevenhostileworld
12.EdgarAllanPoe
13.Theme:
Thedeathofbeauty
Senseofloss
Works:
Poem---“TheRaven”“ToHelen”“AnnabelLee”
Writingstyle:
Musical
Repetitionofwords
Paralleledstructure
Melancholyatmosphere(tone)
Shortstory---TheFalloftheHouseofUsher
Plot:
(P112)
Theme:
thefallofthehouse---theannihilation(disintegration)andofperson
14.EmilyDickinson
15.Subjectandtheme:
1(almostonethird)Deathandimmortality
2“Mylifeclosedtwicebeforeitsclose”
3“BecauseIcouldnotstopfordeath”
4theme:
Everyonecan’tliveforever.Onlyafterdeathcanwegetimmortality(immortalityofsoul)
5“IheardaFlyBuzz-WhenIdied”
6theme:
skeptical&ambivalentaboutdeath
7reluctancetodeath
8Love
9“WildNights-Wildnights”(P99)
10nature(bothbenevolentandcruel)
“I’lltellyouhowthesunrose”
11emphasisoffreewillandhumanresponsibility
12“Tofightaloud”
13“Atriumphmaybe”
14soul(convictionofhersovereignty)
15“IknowthatHeexists”
“TheBrainiswiderthanthesky”
Theme:
influenceofTranscendentalism
Humanbeing’smind(soul)isasdivineasGod
16beauty,truthandgoodnessareultimatelyone
“Idiedforbeauty-butwasscare”
“Tellallthetruthbuttellitslant”(P102)
Writingstyle:
emotional,original,againsttradition
Choiceofwords,verbalconstruction(capitalizedanddash),spelling,fulloffreshimages,brief,direct,plainwordsbutnoteasytoread
Influence:
precursortotheImagistmovement
16.WaltWhitman
17.Works:
“LeavesofGrass”草叶集(9editionsfrom1855to1892,Famousuntilthe5thedition)
18.PoemsinLeavesofGrass:
19.“SongofMyself”(mostfamousone)
“OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRocking”(1859)
“WhenLilacs紫丁香LastintheDooryardBloom’d”(1865)
“OCaptainMyCaptain!
”
Writingstyle:
freeverse(noregularrhyme,butmusical)
vi.过渡时期
HarrietBeecherStowe
work:
UncleTom’sCabin---ThegreatestmanifestoofAmericananti-slavery(最有名的反奴隶制作品)
Content:
afaithfulrecordofAmericanblackpeople'smiserablelife.
vii.Realism镀金时代GildedAge
1.WilliamDeanHowells豪厄尔斯
2.①title:
“championofliteraryrealisminUS”“firstpresidentofAmericanAcademyofArtsandLetters”
3.②works:
4.essay---CriticismandFiction
5.novel---TheRiseofSilasLapham
6.Plot:
P120-121
Character:
SilasLapham---commonBostonianofthelate19thcentury,averageAmericahappywithhisfamilyandproudofhissuccessintheworld
Theme:
house---symbolofLapham’ssuccess(inmaterial)andaspirationforthepolitesociety
theburningofthehouse---financialfallandmoralrise
7.HenryJames
8.①themes:
exchangesbetweenAmericansandEuropeans美国和欧洲文化的冲突
9.②写作手法:
a.eliminatestheauthorandgivesthereadertheillusionofbeingpresentatthesceneofaction让读者置身于情境中
10.b.withoutcommentsorexplanations:
Dramatize,onlydramatize,ishislesson作者只设定情境
11.③Threedistinctiveperiods:
12.a.1865-1882novels
13.TheAmerican(1877)美国人
TheEuropeans(1878)欧洲人
ThePortraitofaLady(1881)淑女本色贵妇的肖像
DaisyMiller(1878)短篇小说
b.1882-1895plays
c.1895-1990novels
TheTurnoftheScrew(1898)短篇小说碧庐冤孽(螺丝在旋紧)
TheWingsoftheDove(1902)鸽之翼
TheAmbassadors(1903)大使(奉使记)
TheGoldenBowl(1904)金碗
14.MarkTwain(LocalColorism)
15.①Works:
TheAdventureofTomSawyer
16.TheAdventureofHuckleberryFinn汤姆索亚历险记的续集,海明威称赞“allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes”
17.②theme:
racism&slavery
18.intellectual&moraleducation
Thehypocrisyofcivilized”society
③realname:
SamuelLanghorneClemens
④背景:
MississippiRiver
viii.Naturalism(是现实主义的高级阶段)
Time:
attheendofthe19thcentury
Subjectofnaturalist:
detaileddescriptionoflivesofthelowandtheabnormal,frankdescriptionofhumanpassionandsexuality,andportrayalofmenoverwhelmedbynature
Themeofnaturalists:
pessimistic,deterministic
自然主义的起源:
EmileZola“surroundingandheredity遗传candecideone’sdestiny”
写作手法:
ironic讽刺,lesssympathy,moreseriousthanrealism,deterministic决定论
1.StephenCrane
2.①Works:
(novels)Maggie:
AGirloftheStreets(1893)andTheRedBadgeofCourage(1895)(shortstories)“TheOpenBoat”
3.②Writingstyle:
psychologicaldescription,visualbeautywithsymbols
4.FrankNorris
5.①works:
(Novel)McTeague麦克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主义的作品
theOctopus章鱼(bestwork)(1901)railway
Writingstyle:
richmaterial
freshimagery
poeticmodeoffiction
preciseandexactword
(Essayofliterarycriticism)TheResponsibilitiesoftheNovelists(1903)
6.O.Henry(aprolificAmericanshort-storywriter)多产短篇小说家
1Realname:
WilliamPorter
2TheGiftoftheMagi
3Writingstyle:
short,interestingandcleverplot,good-naturedhumor,surprisingend,keenobservationofdetails,slangandcolloquialexpressions
7.TheodoreDreiser西奥多·德莱塞
8.works:
SisterCarrie(1990)《嘉丽妹妹》
JennieGerhardt(1911)《珍妮姑娘》(姐妹篇)
TheFinancier(1912)《金融家》
“TrilogyofDesire”(欲望三部曲)TheTitan(1914)《巨头》
TheStoic(1947)《斯多葛》
The"Genius"(1915)《天才》--autobiographicalnovel
AnAmericanTragedy--greatestandmostsuccessfulPoliticalcommentaryset
9.JackLondon
10.Works:
---ReflectionofhisInvolvementinthesocialistmovement:
TheIronHeel,ThePeopleoftheAbyss
---ReflectionofhisbeliefinDarwinism:
TheCalloftheWild(1903)适者生存,TheSeaWolf(1904)
---Reflectionoftheconflictingview:
autobiographicalnovelMartinEden(1909)
ix.Modernism
Twoliteraryperiods
•1920s---TheFirstWorldWar(adecadeofgreatjoyandhappenings)
•1930s---TheGreatDepression
1.EzraPound---thefounderofImagistmovement(深受中国文化的影响)
2.works:
translationsofLipo’spoems“TheRiver-Merchant’sWife”翻译李白的《长干行》
3.InaStationoftheMetro
Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;
Petalsonawet,blackbough.—EzraPound
4.T.S.Eliot
5.Poems
TheWasteLand(1922)---spiritualcrisisofpostwarEurope,likeamanifestoofthe“Lostgeneration”
TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(1917)---apoemwithanotablemodernemotionalcolor,意识流,现代主义情感色彩
6.WallaceStevens
7.Basictheme:
interrelationshipbetweenrealityandart,powerofimagination
Works:
“AnecdoteoftheJar”古坛轶事
8.WilliamCarlosWilliams
9.Works:
Famouspoem:
Paterson帕特森(1946–58).
Subject:
everydaycircumstancesoflifeandthelivesofcommonpeople.
Writingstyle:
unusualmetersandstyles,easyandenjoyabletoread
10.CarlSandburg---OneofThegreatestpoetsinthe“ChicagoRenaissance”---ChicagoPoems
11.RobertFrost
12.Subject:
thepeopleandlandscapeofNewEngland.
(Misconceptionofhimasalyricpoetorasanauthenticpainteroflocallandscape)
Theme:
(universalandabstract)thecomplexityofhuman
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