figures of speech.docx
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figures of speech.docx
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figuresofspeech
英语修辞手法
1)Simile:
(明喻)Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.
Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry./Thiselephantislikeasnakeasanybodycansee.
2)Metaphor:
(暗喻)Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.
Forexample,theworldisastage./Thediamonddepartmentwastheheartandcenterofthestore.
3)Analogy:
(类比)Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.
4)Personification:
(拟人)Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).
Forexample,thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.
5)Hyperbole:
(夸张)Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.
Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.
6)Understatement:
(含蓄陈述)Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.
Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.
7)Euphemism:
(委婉)Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.
Forinstance,wereferto"die"as”passaway".
8)Metonymy(转喻)Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces).借代(metonymy)是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
1、Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonyhhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem...
几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news,information”(消息、信息)
2、Alspokewithhiseyes,“yes”.
艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
9)Synecdoche(提喻)Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.
Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.
10)Antonomasia(换喻)Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.
Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.
11)Pun:
(双关语)Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.
Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here"arms"hastwomeanings:
aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)/Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both,sir!
”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役
12)Syllepsis:
(一语双叙)Ithastwoconnotations.
Inthefirstcase,itisafigurebywhichaword,oraparticularformorinflectionofaword,referstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,whileproperlyapplyingtooragreeingwithonlyonofthemingrammarorsyntax(句法).
Forexample,Headdressedyouandme,anddesiredustofollowhim.(Hereusisusedtorefertoyouandme.)
Inthesecondcase,itawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.
Forexample,whilehewasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.(Heretolosingone'slimbsinliteral;toloseone'smindisfigurative,andmeanstogomad.)
13)Zeugma:
(轭式搭配)Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.
Forexample,Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Herenoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)
14)Irony:
(反语)Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.
Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.
15)Innuendo:
(暗讽)Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout(曲折)wayatsomethingdisparaging(不一致)oruncomplimentary(不赞美)tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.Forexample,theweathermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.
16)Sarcasm:
(讽刺)ItSarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.
Forexample,lawsarelikecobwebs,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwaspsbreakthrough.
17)Paradox:
(似非而是的隽语)Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.
Forexamplemorehaste,lessspeed.
18)Oxymoron:
(矛盾修饰)Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining(结合)oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous(不协调)termsasinbitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos(混乱)andproudhumility(侮辱).
19)Antithesis:
(对照)Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.
Forexample,speechissilver;silenceisgolden.
20)Epigram:
(警句)Itstatesasimpletruthpithily(有利地)andpungently(强烈地).Itisusuallyterseandarousesinterestandsurprisebyitsdeepinsightintocertainaspectsofhumanbehaviororfeeling.
Forinstance,Few,savethepoor,feelforthepoor.
21)Climax:
(渐进)ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder"andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.
Forexample,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.
22)Anti-climaxorbathos:
(突降)ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone'sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.
Forinstance,Butthousandsdie,withoutorthisorthat,die,andendow(赋予)acollege,oracat.
23)Apostrophe:
(顿呼)Inthisfigureofspeech,athing,place,ideaorperson(deadorabsent)isaddressedasifpresent,listeningandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.
Forinstance,England!
awake!
awake!
awake!
24)TransferredEpithet:
(转类形容词)Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet(anadjectiveordescriptivephrase)istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify(修饰)toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.
Forinstance,Ispentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.
25)Alliteration:
(头韵)Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals(间隔)andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".
Forinstance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.头韵法(alliteration)在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。
HowandwhyhehadcometoPrinceton,NewJerseyisastoryofstruggle,success,andsadness.
26)Onomatopoeia:
(拟声)Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement.
Eg:
Ontherootoftheschoolhousesomepigeonsweresoftlycooing./Shebroughtmeintotouchwitheverythingthatcouldbereachedorfelt——sunlight,therustlingofsilk,thenoisesofinsects,thecreakingofadoor,thevoiceofalovedone.
英语修辞手法
英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下:
1.Simile明喻
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.
标志词常用like,as,seem,asif,asthough,similarto,suchas等.
例如:
1>.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.
2>.Iwanderedlonelyasacloud.
3>.Einsteinonlyhadablanketon,asifhehadjustwalkedoutofafairytale.
2.Metaphor隐喻,暗喻
隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.
例如:
1>.Hopeisagoodbreakfast,butitisabadsupper.
2>.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.
3.Metonymy借喻,转喻
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.
I.以容器代替内容,例如:
1>.Thekettleboils.水开了.
2>.Theroomsatsilent.全屋人安静地坐着.
II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:
Lendmeyourears,please.请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如:
acompleteShakespeare莎士比亚全集
VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:
Ihadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.
4.Synecdoche提喻
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
1>.Thereareabout100handsworkinginhisfactory.(部分代整体)
他的厂里约有100名工人.
2>.HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.(特殊代一般)
他是本世纪的牛顿.
3>.Thefoxgoesverywellwithyourcap.(整体代部分)
这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.
5.Synaesthesia通感,联觉,移觉
这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移,“以感觉写感觉”。
通感技巧的运用,能突破语言的局限,丰富表情达意的审美情趣,起到增强文采的艺术效果。
比如:
欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏;闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体;听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子;又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
例如:
1>.Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylikevoice.(用视觉形容听觉,鸟落在树上,由它发出的声音联想到百合花)
鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.
2>.TastethemusicofMozart.(用嗅觉形容听觉)
品尝Mozart的音乐.
6.Personification拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.
例如:
1>.Thenightgentlylaysherhandatourfeveredheads.(把夜拟人化)
2>.Iwasveryhappyandcouldhearthebirdssinginginthewoods.(把鸟拟人化)
7.Hyperbole夸张
夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..
例如:
1>.Ibegathousandpardons.
2>.Loveyou.Youarethewholeworldtome,andthemoonandthestars.
3>.Whensheheardthebadnews,ariverof
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