英语国家概况复习资料超细致.docx
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英语国家概况复习资料超细致.docx
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英语国家概况复习资料超细致
MajorEnglish-SpeakingCountries–FinalExamStudyGuide
Important
∙Thisisnotasubstituteforasemesterofparticipationandproperstudyhabits.Thisismerelyameansofself-evaluation,awaytodeterminewhichtopicsyouneedtoreviewbeforethefinalexam.
∙Theremaybequestionsonthetestthataskaboutinformationthatisn’tinthisstudyguide.Itisyourresponsibilitytolookoveryournotesandtheinformationinthetextbook.
∙Don’tfocusonspecificnumbers.Forexample,yearsarenotimportant,butyoushouldknowthattheRevolutionaryWarhappenedbeforetheAmericanCivilWar.
∙Don’tstudythenightbeforethetest.Youwill“burnout.”Letyourbrainrestbeforetheexam.
∙Goodluck!
ExamOverview
TrueorFalse:
25questions, 25%
Matching:
50questions, 25%
MultipleChoice:
25questions, 25%
ShortAnswer:
5question, 25%
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
Symbols
Flag
∙AlsoknownastheUnionJack
∙Acombinationofthreeflags
oEngland’sflag,Scotland’sflag,Ireland’sflag
NationalAnthem
∙“GodSavetheQueen”
CountryandPeople
TheUnitedKingdom
∙TheU.K.’sfulltitle:
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
∙ThecurrentPrimeMinisterisDavidCameron
∙GreatBritainconsistsofEngland,Scotland,andWales
∙CapitalCityoftheU.K.:
London
∙Population:
59.6millionpeople
o90%liveinurbanareas,10%liveinruralareas
oDemographics:
▪94%white
▪1.5%Indian
▪0.3%Chinese
▪0.03%African
▪1.5millionMuslims
▪SecondlargestJewishpopulation
∙OfficiallanguageisEnglish
∙Religion
o8.4millionchurchgoers(44.3%ofthepopulation)
o20.9%areAnglican(ChurchofEngland)
o9%areRomanCatholic
o2.8%arePresbyterian(ChurchofScotland)
TheU.K.consistsoffourcountries
∙England
oCapital:
London
oLandmass:
53.7%oftheUnitedKingdom
oPopulation:
50million
oThe“backbone”ofEngland:
ThePenninesMountains
oSecondlongestriver:
Thames
oOriginoftheEnglishlanguage
▪LanguagederivedfromtheNormansandAnglo-Saxons
∙Scotland
oCapital:
Edinburgh
oLandmass:
32.1%oftheUnitedKingdom
oPopulation:
5million
oHighestMountain:
BenNevis
oUncommonregionallanguage:
Gaelic
∙Wales
oCapital:
Cardiff
oLandmass:
8.5%oftheUnitedKingdom
oPopulation:
3million
oLongestriver:
SevernRiver(flowsfromWalesintoEngland)
oOfficiallanguage:
Welsh
∙NorthernIreland(Ulster)
oCapital:
Belfast
oLandmass:
5.7%oftheUnitedKingdom
oPopulation:
1.5million
oTheLargestLake:
LoughNeagh
oUncommonhistoricallanguage:
Irish
SocialStructure
∙TheU.K.isaveryclass-conscioussociety.
∙Socialmobility
oAbilitytomoveupordowninstatusbasedonwealth,occupation,education,orsomeothersocialvariable.TheU.K.isasociallymobilesociety.
∙ClassStructure
oUpper-class
▪Wealthy,highlyeducated,and/orsociallydistinguishedcitizens
oMiddle-class
▪Averageincomeearners,educated,
oWorking-class
▪Unskilledtoskilledlaborers
oUnderclass
▪Homelessand/orlong-termunemployedcitizens
History
Mainforeigninvadersinchronologicalorder
∙Romans
oPartoftheRomanEmpire
∙TheAnglo-Saxons
∙
oGermanictribes
oEnglandmeans“Angle’sLand”
∙TheVikings
oFromnorthernEurope
∙TheNormans
oModern-dayFrance
Feudalism
∙TheHundredyearsWar
oFoughtbetweenFranceandEngland
oDestroyedfeudalnobilityandbroughtanewsocialorder
oFrancelost
TheTudors
∙HenryVII
oSeizedthecrownfromKingRichardIII,becomingthefirstTudormonarch
∙HenryVIII
oCreatedtheChurchofEngland,ruledbythemonarch
oFamousforhavingsixwives
∙EdwardVI
oHenry’sonlyson,diedwhenhewasveryyoung
∙MaryI
oRestoredCatholicismandkilledhundredsofProtestants
oKnownasBloodyMary
∙ElizabethI
oRestoredtheChurchofEngland
oUsheredinaGoldenAgeinBritishHistory
oStoppedreligiousfighting,maintainedpeacewithothernations,expandedtrade,developedanopenparliament,promotedbusiness,grewthemilitaryandtookcontroloftheseas
WorldWarI
∙Averydestructiveandexpensivewar
∙SignaledthebeginningofthedeclineoftheBritishEmpire
WorldWarII
∙Ledtohighunemployment,adevastatedinfrastructure,andeconomiccollapseintheUnitedKingdom.
∙SignaledtheendoftheBritishEmpireandtheriseoftheUnitedStates
∙WinstonChurchillwasthePrimeMinisterduringthiswar
∙SeeWorldWarIandWorldWarIIunderTheUnitedStatesformoredetails.
WayofLife
Recreation
∙Socialdrinkingatapubisthemostcommonsocialactivity
∙SportsoriginatingfromtheU.K.
oSoccer(thenationalsport),tennis,golf,badminton,boxing,rugby,cricket,snooker,squash,billiards,curling
∙Placestogoduringfreetime
oMovies,libraries,museums,concerts,sportingevents,musicals,plays,
∙Liketoreadmagazinesandnewspapers
oTheDailyTelegraphisconsidereda“quality”newspaper
∙Televisionisownedbythegovernment
oTelevisionChannelsarenumbered:
BBC4,BBC5,etc.
FamousPeople
∙Famousauthor:
J.K.Rowling,HarryPotterseries
∙Famousband:
TheBeatles
TheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Symbols
Flag
∙AlsoknownastheStar-spangledBanner,StarsandStripes,andOldGlory
∙The50starsrepresentthe50statesintheunion
∙The13stripesrepresentthe13originalcolonies
NationalAnthem
∙“TheStar-spangledBanner”
∙WrittenaboutourflagatFortMcHenryduringtheWarof1812
Country
48contiguousstatesand2noncontiguousstates
Physicalfeaturesandclimatebyregion
∙West
oDeserts(LiketheSierraNevadaDesert)
oVerymountainousregionknownasTheCordillera(includestheRockyMountains,akatheRockies)
▪Mountainsreachthecoast,rockycoasts,verysmallbeaches
▪PeoplemovedherebecauseofthediscoveryofGOLD
oOld-growthforestsinthenorthwest(SequoiaNationalPark)
oConsistenttemperaturesalongthecoastallyear
oRainsinthenorth,snowsinthemountains,noprecipitationinthedesert
oAridWest–rainfallisunpredictable
oHumidPacificCoast–hasaMediterraneanclimate
∙Mid-west
oTheGreatMississippiRiverValley
oVeryflat(theGreatPlains)
oGreatforfarming,especiallygrains(TheBreadbasketofAmerica)
oUnpredictabletemperatures
oVerywindy,pronetotornadoes(TornadoAlley)
∙East
oTheAppalachianMountains,very“short”erodedmountainchain
oLarge,flatcoastalregionbetweenthemountainsandtheAtlanticocean
oHumidclimate
oFourdistinctseasons
▪Hotsummers,coolfalls/autumns,coldsnowywinters,rainywarmsprings
∙South
oFlatcoastalregion
oDryregionstothewestaregoodforranches,cattlefarms
oGulfcoastregionispronetohurricanes
oHotandhumidsummers,warmrainysprings,coolwinters,nosnow
History
Pre-European
∙FirsthumanstoliveinAmericaarecalledIndiansorNativeAmericans
1600s
∙EuropeanswereeitherreligiouslyorfinanciallymotivatedtocolonizeAmerica
∙ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementwasJamestown
oLocatedinVirginia,financiallymotivated
▪ThefirstEnglishcolonistintheSouthcameforeconomicreasons
∙Plymouthwasareligiouscolony
oLocatedinMassachusetts,foundedbythePilgrims
1700s
∙SettlersfromEngland,continentalEurope,andAfricatraveledtoNorthAmerica
∙TheEastCoastwasorganizedinto13colonies
TheRevolutionaryWar(1775–1783)
∙FoughtbetweentheKingdomofGreatBritainandthethirteenBritishcolonies
∙ThecoloniesdeclaredindependenceonJuly4th,1776
∙GeorgeWashingtonwasthegeneralinchargeoftheContinentalArmy
∙Thecolonieswonthewarin1783whenbothsidessignedtheTreatyofParis
∙GeorgeWashingtonbecomethefirstpresident
TheCivilWar(1861–1865)
∙FoughtbetweentheNorthernandSouthernstates
∙TheNorthernstateswherestillcalledTheUnitedStatesortheUnion
∙TheSouthernstateswantedtoleavetheUnion,callingthemselvestheConfederateStatesortheConfederacy
∙TheConfederateStateslostthewarandtheUnionwasmaintained
∙MoreAmericansdiedintheCivilWarthananyotherwarinAmericanhistory
oMoreAmericansdiedthanbothWorldWarIandWorldWarIIcombined
∙AbrahamLincoln
oPresidentduringtheCivilWar
o16thpresidentoftheUnitedStates
ReconstructionEra
∙TheNorthwasuntouched
oBoominindustrialdevelopment
∙TheWestexpanded
oGreatleapsinfarming,mining,andranching
∙TheSouthwasdestroyed
oHadtorebuildinfrastructure
oBuildanewsocietyaroundfreedslaves
▪Triedtomaintainwhitesupremacy
WorldWarI(1914–1918)
∙Foughtbetween:
oTheTripleAlliance/CentralPowers
▪Originalthree:
German,Austria-Hungry,Italy
▪Italyleftin1915
oTheTripleEntent/AlliedPowers
▪Originalthree:
Britain,France,Russia,
▪28nationsjoinedincludingChinaandtheU.S.
WorldWarII(1939–1945)
∙Foughtbetween:
oTheAllies
▪MajorAllies:
SovietUnion,TheBritishEmpire,France,Poland,China,theUnitedStates
▪WinstonChurchillwastheBritishPrimeMinister
oTheAxis
▪MajorAxis:
Germany,Japan,Italy,Hungary
▪AdolfHitlerwastheGermanChancellor
Identity,PrivateLife
ANationofImmigrants
∙TheU.S.isaheterogeneoussociety
oAmixofcultures,ethnicities,nationalorigins,races,andreligions
oMetaphoricallyreferredtoasameltingpot,mosaic,salad,orsoup
∙EthnicityofAmericansbyPopulation
oWhite/EuropeanAmerican
▪196million,63.7%
oLatino/Hispanic
▪50.5million,16%
oBlack/AfricanAmerican
▪39million,12.6%
oAsianAmerican
▪14.6million,4.8%
oNativeAmerican
▪2.9million,<1%
PopulationDistribution
∙Mostpeopleliveinthesuburbs
∙Poorerpeopletendtoliveinthecity
∙2/3ofthep
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