牛津高中英语模块一语法整理.docx
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牛津高中英语模块一语法整理.docx
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牛津高中英语模块一语法整理
(2)当先行词是‘物’时:
可用关系代词
.
牛津英语模块一语法
定语从句
(1)
1关系代词在定语从句中的使用
除了形容词,名词等作定语来修饰名词或代词,句子也可以作定语,我们称作定语的句子为定语从句。
先看这样的两个句子:
ThismanismyEnglishteacher.
Heisstandingatthedoor.
如果想把这两个句子合成一个句子,我们可将第二句转换成定语从句来修饰theman,即:
Themanthat/whoisstandingatthedoorismyEnglishteacher.
这个句子中,that/whoisstandingatthedoor充当了theman的定语,它就是定语从句;而被修饰的theman叫作先行词,that/who是关系代词。
2关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose的区别
(1)当先行词是‘人’时:
①关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,用that/who
Ishethemanwho/thattoldyouthenews?
②关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/that/who,也可以省略
Theboy(whom/that/who)Italkedtoyesterdayismybrother.
that/which来充当主语或宾语
Thisisabookwhich/thattalksaboutgeography.
综上所述,that既可指‘人’,也可指‘物’,而which只可指‘物’,who/whom只可指‘人’;
who/that/which都可作主语或宾语,而whom只能作宾语;whose在定语从句中必须放在一个名词前作定语
Thebookwhosecoverisredcan’tbefoundnow.
3只能用that引导定语从句的情况
(1)当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时
ThisisthebestdictionarythatI’veeverused.
Thefirstthingthatyoushoulddoistoworkoutaplan.
(2)当先行词被all,some,any,no,little,much等修饰或者先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时
Allthatshelackedwastraining.
Shewouldneverdoanythingthatwasnotapprovedofbyherparents.
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时
Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatmostimpressedthem.
(4)当先行词被thelast,theonly,thevery等修饰时
ThisistheonlyexamplethatIknow.
ThisisoneoftheverybooksthatIamlookingfor.
(5)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that
Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.
4引导定语从句的关系代词常用which不用that的情况
(1)关系代词前有介词或介词短语时
Galileobuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudythesky.
.
.
HereisthebookaboutwhichItoldyouyesterday,
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时
Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.
Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasbetterthanwecouldexcept.
(3)当关系代词之后有插入语时
HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIHewasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherrole
unhappy.
’vetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
intheplaywhich,ofcourse,madetheothers
(4)先行词本身是that时
Thatwhichisevilissoonlearned.坏事易学。
Thatwhichiswelldoneistwicedone.一次做的好等于做两次。
5which和whose作定语时的区别
Which和whose都可以在定语从句中作定语,但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中,
紧指物,并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词;‘whose+名词’与先行词不表示同
一事物或情况
PeterspentthreeyearsinFrance,duringwhichtimehelearntFrench.
Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied.窗子破了的那间房子没人住。
注意:
定语从句中‘whose+名词’=‘the+名词+ofwhom/which’Theboy,whoseuncleisajudge,issingingunderthetree.
=Theboy,theuncleofwhomisajudge,issingingunderthetree.Iboughtthebooklastyear,whosecoverisbroken.
=Iboughtthebooklastyear,thecoverofwhichisbroken.
6如何确定定语从句的引导词
下面两句话中的先行词都是day,但由于其在定语从句中充当的句子成分不同,定语从句的引导词也不同
I’llneverforgetthedays(which/that)wespenttogether.
我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。
(先行词thedays在定语从句中充当及物动词
spend的宾语,所以定语从句的引导词要用关系代词which/that)
I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)Iarrivedhere.
我永远不会忘记我到这儿的日子。
(先行词theday在定语从句中作时间状语,所以定语从句的引导词要用关系副词when,或‘on+关系代词which’)
7关系代词的省略
在定语从句中,如果关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语,那么我们常常省略关系代词。
如果关系代词在定语从句中充当主语,则不可省略
Heistheperson(who/that)wearelookingfor.
他就是我们一直在找的那个人。
(从句中that/who作介词for的宾语,因此可以省略。
)
注意:
介词后面的关系代词不能省略,而且指人时用whom,指物是用which
Thepersonaboutwhomwearetalkingisourheadmaster.
我们正在谈论的那个人是我们的校长。
(whom在定语从句中作about的宾语,而且先行
词theperson是指人,因此只能用whom)
Thecompanyatwhichmysisterworksisintheeastofthecity.
8定语从句中的主谓一致问题
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中谓语动词在人称和数上通常和先行词保持一致
.
.
Allthatshinesisnotgold.发光的不一定是金子
(2)‘oneofthe+复数名词’作先行词时,定语从句中谓语动词和复数名词一致
Heisalsooneofthestudentswhogotothepark.
(3)‘theonly/very+oneofthe+复数名词’作先行词时,定语从句中谓语动词和one一
致,用单数形式
Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogoestothepark.
9定语从句与同位语从句的区别
(1)从语法角度来看,引导同位语从句的that是连词,只起语法作用,在从句中不充当任
何成分,如例
(1)中的that;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,它除了起引导从句的语
法作用外,还要在从句中充当句子成分,主要是作主语或宾语,如例
(2)中的that在从句
中作动词told的宾语
(2)从先行词的词性来看,同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词,也可以是代词
(3)从可否省略来看,同位语从句的that一般不可以省略,但是定语从句中的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语,在非正式用语中常常可以省略
例
(1)WeweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthattheChinesewomen’svolleyballteamhadwonthe
matchagain.听到中国女排再次获胜的消息我们极为高兴。
(that引导同位语从句)
例
(2)Weweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthatourteacherhadtoldus.
听到老师告诉我们的消息我们感到很高兴
10定语从句与状语从句的区别
定语从句的关系词在从句中要作某种成分,因而从句成分不完整;而引导状语从句的连接词在句中不作任何成分,因此句子成分完整
Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(定语从句)
Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(结果状语从句)
11定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词起修饰和限制作用,关系词可以是that,which,as,who,另一
方面,句子中的It有所指代;而强调句型是对某部分加强语气,强调语气的连接词只能是that,who,并且句子中的It没有任何意义。
两种从句的判断一般比较明显,而有事就难以区别,需要根据上下文的语境来判断。
如下面一句话:
Itisabookthathewants.
此句究竟是强调句型还是定语从句,就要从语境上来判断。
如果它是用来回答Whatis
this/that?
这样的问题,意思就是:
它是一本他想要的书。
句子显然是定语从句。
如果是用来回答Whatdoeshewant?
这样的问题,那么意思就是:
他想要的是一本书。
显然,句子是强
调句型。
【真题回放】
1(
)Theprizewillgotothewriter
storyshowsthemostimagination.
Athat
Bwhich
Cwhose
Dwhat
2(
)You’llfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstation
youcanhiretoreachyour
hostfamily.
Awhich
Bwhere
Cwhen
Das
3(
)I’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschool
Imet
intheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.
Awho
Bwhere
Cwhen
Dwhich
4(
)Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses
arebuiltclosetoeach
.
.
other.
Athey
Bwhere
Cwhat
Dthat
5(
)That’sthenewmachine
partsaresmalltobeseen.
Athat
Bwhich
Cwhose
Dwhat
6(
)Theoldtemple
roofwasdamagedinstormisnowunderrepair.
Awhere
Bwhich
Cits
Dwhose
7(
)Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomething
wassomeoneelse’sfault.
Awho
Bthat
Cas
Dwhat
8(
)Childrenwhoarenoactiveor
dietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.
Awhat
Bwhose
Cwhich
Dthat
9(
)InChina,thenumber
ofcitiesisincreasing
developmentisrecognized
acrosstheworld.
Awhere
Bwhich
Cwhose
Dthat
定语从句
(2)
1‘介词+关系代词’结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,to等,关系代词只
可用whom,which,或whose,不可用that。
这些词既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。
主要有以下几种结构:
(1)介词+关系代词
Whoisthemanwithwhomyoushookhandsjustnow?
(2)名词+介词+关系代词
Givemethebookthecoverofwhichisred(thecoverofwhich=whosecover).
注意:
当先行词是物时,作定语的引导词‘whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich或ofwhich+the+n.’
(3)代词+介词+关系代词
Ashewasalively,cousinman,hehidagreatdeal,andnoticedmanyinterestingthings,allofwhichherecordedinhisdiary.
(4)介词+关系代词+名词
Hegoestobedatten,atwhichhourhisbrotherlocksallthedoorsandwindows.
(5)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
Hehasboughtmanynovels,themostinterestingofwhichiswrittenbyHanHan.
(6)数词+介词+关系代词
Ihavethreebrothers,twoofwhomhavejustgraduatedfromthesameuniversity.
【巧记】
‘介词+关系代词’结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时则用which。
介词的选择可以
根据以下关系确定:
(1)介词与定语从句中的动词或形容词是一种习惯性搭配。
ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8yuan.
ThetwothingsaboutwhichMarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidiomsofEnglish.
(2)介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配。
Therewasnowayinwhichitcouldbeboughtbacktotheearth.没有办法可以把它带到地球上来。
(依据短语inthisway)
(3)根据所表达的意思确定
.
.
Thegaswithwhichdoctorscansavethepatientsiscalledoxygen.
Thegaswithoutwhichwecan’tliveiscalledoxygen.
(4)表示所有关系或整体中的一部分时,用介词of
Therearedifferentformsofenergy,mostofwhichcomefromthesun.
注意:
含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开,即介词仍放在动词之后,因此不能使用‘介词+关系代词’结构
此类短语有:
listento,lookat,payattentionto,carefor等
Isthisthewatchheislookingfor?
2关系副词的用法
关系副词(=介词+关系代词):
关系副词
先行词
在从句中的作
说明
用
When(=at/on/in/duringwhich)
时间名词
时间状语
非正式文体中,有
Where(=in/atwhich)
地点名词
地点状语
时用that代替关
系副词,如通常用
在way后
Why=(forwhich)
Reason和explanation
原因状语
Theraincameatatimewhen(=atwhich)itwasnotneeded.
Thisisthecomputerwhere(=by/onwhich)hehasstolentop-secretdocuments.
Hereistheplacewhere(=atwhich)themurdertookplace.
Hedidn’tgiveanyreasonwhy(=forwhich)Ihadbeenfired.
【提示】
当先行词是situation,point,case,stage等表示某种情景、状况的词时,常用where或in/atwhich引导定语从句。
Canyouimagineasituationwhere/inwhichyoucanusetheword?
【巧记】
如果表示时间、地点、原因的名词不作状语,而是作主语、宾语或者表语时,必须用关系代
词that/which来引导而不是用where等
May1isthedayIwillneverforget.
五月一号是我永远不会忘记的一天。
(that作forget的宾语)
TheThreeGorgesisabeautifulplace(that/which)peopleallovertheworldlookforwardto
visiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方,全世界的人都渴望来参观。
(that或which作visiting的
宾语)
Isthisthereasonthathegaveusforbeinglate?
这就是他给我们的迟到的原因吗?
(that作gave的直接宾语)
【真题回放】
1()Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstructionhadtaken
morethanthreeyears.
AforwhichBwithwhichCofwhichDtowhich
2()Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,eachofusesit
somewhatdifferently.
AwhichBwhatCthemDthose
.
.
3(
)Abankistheplace
theylendyouanumbrellainfairweatherandaskforit
backwhenitbeginstorain.
Awhen
Bthat
Cwhere
Dthere
4(
)ItwasApril29,2011
PrinceWilliamandKateMiddletonwalkedintothe
palacehalloftheweddingceremony.
Athat
Bwhen
Csince
Dbefore
5(
)Thedaysaregone
physicalstrengthwasallyouneededtomakealiving.
Awhen
Bthat
Cwhere
Dwhich
6(
)Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriend,
weenjoyedasplendid
viewofthelake.
Awhich
Bwhere
Cwho
Dthat
7(
)JuliewasgoodatGerman,FrenchandRussian,allof
shespokefluently.
Awho
Bwhom
Cwhich
Dthat
8(
)StephenH
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