英美文学选读考点总结.docx
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英美文学选读考点总结.docx
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英美文学选读考点总结
名词解释
1.Sonnet:
Afourteen-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter.Asonnetgenerallyexpressesasinglethemeoridea.
2.Ballad:
Astorytoldinverseandusuallymeanttobesung.Inmanycountries,thefolkballadwasoneoftheearliestformsofliterature.Folkballadshavenoknownauthors.Theyweretransmittedorallyfromgenerationtogenerationandwerenotsetdowninwritinguntilcenturiesaftertheywerefirstsung.Thesubjectmatteroffolkballadsstemsfromtheeverydaylifeofthecommonpeople.Devicescommonlyusedinballadsaretherefrain,incrementalrepetition,andcodelanguage.Alaterformofballadistheliteraryballad,whichimitatesthestyleofthefolkballad.
3.Rhyme:
It’soneofthethreebasicelementsoftraditionalpoetry.Itistherepetitionofsoundsintwoormorewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem.Iftherhymeoccursattheendsoflines,itiscalledendrhyme.Iftherhymeoccurswithinaline,itiscalledinternalrhyme.
4. Heroiccouplet:
Couplet:
Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.Heroiccoupletisarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.ItisChaucerwhouseditforthefirsttimeinEnglishinhisworkTheLegendofGoodWoman.
5.Alliteration:
Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.
6.Iamb抑扬格:
ItisthemostcommonlyusedfootinEnglishpoetry,inwhichanunstressedsyllablecomesfirst,followedbyastressedsyllable.
7.Iambicpentameter:
Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.
8.Image:
Weusuallythinkwithwords,manyofourthoughtscometousaspicturesorimaginedsensationsinourmind.Suchimaginedpicturesorsensationsarecalledimages.
9.Blankverse:
Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.
10.Conceit:
Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlinglydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovidestheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectualkindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.
11.Epic:
Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.
12.Figureofspeech:
Awordoranexpressionthatisnotmeanttobeinterpretedinaliteralsense.Themostcommonkindsoffiguresofspeech—simile,metaphor,personification,andmetonymy—involveacomparisonbetweenunlikethings.
13.FreeVerse:
Freeversehasnoregularrhythmorlinelengthanddependsonnaturalspeechrhythmsandthecounterpoint(对照法)ofstressedandunstressedsyllables.
14.Romanticism:
itisareactionagainsttheEnlightenmentandrationalismin18thcentury,andarejectionofthepreceptsoforder,calm,harmony,balance,idealization,andrationalitythattypifiedinclassicismandneoclassicism.Authorsinthisperiodadvocatereturntonatureandtheinnategoodnessofhumans(善良的本性).Theyemphasizetheindividual,thesubjective,theirrational,theimaginative,thepersonal,thespontaneous,theemotional,thevisionaryandthetranscendental(超验).
15.CriticalRealism:
Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingcontradictionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.
16.Enlightenment:
TheEnlightenmentreferstoaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropethatspansapproximatelyonehundredyearsfrom1680sto1789.Itcelebratesreason(rationality),equality,science.Everythingshouldbeputunderscrutiny,tobemeasuredbyreason.Thisisthe“eternaltruth”,“eternaljustice”and“naturalequality”.Itonthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisagainstfeudalism.Theyaimtoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.
17.EraofModernism:
Theyearsfrom1910to1930areoftencalledtheEraofModernism,forthereseemstohavebeeninbothEuropeandAmericaastrongawarenessofsomesortof“break”withthepast.Thenewartistssharedadesiretocapturethecomplexityofmodernlife,tofocusonthevarietyandconfusionofthe20thcenturybyreshapingandsometimesdiscardingtheideasandhabitsofthe19thcentury.TheEraofModernismwasindeedtheeraoftheNew.
18.Imagism:
It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.
19.Streamofconsciousness:
“Stream-of-Consciousness”or“interiormonologue”isoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly,particularlythehesitant,misted,distractedandillusorypsychologypeoplehadwhentheyfacedreality.ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulknersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique.Inhisstories,actionandplotswerelessimportantthanthereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrators.Timesequenceswereoftendislocated.Thereaderfeelshimselftobeaparticipantinthestories,ratherthananobserver.Ahighdegreeofemotioncanbeachievedbythistechnique.
20.AmericanPuritanism:
PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.
21.AmericanNaturalism:
Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredecessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.
22.Transcendentalism:
Abroad,philosophicalmovementinNewEnglandduringtheRomanticera(peakingbetween1835and1845).Itappearedafter1830s,markedthematurityofAmericanRomanticismandthefirstrenaissanceintheAmericanliteraryhistory.ThetermwasderivedfromLatin,meaningtoriseaboveortopassbeyondthelimits.Itlaidemphasisonspiritandindividualandnature.Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses”.Itstressedtheroleofdivinityinnatureandtheindividual’sintuition,andexaltedfeelingoverreason.Theyspokeforculturalrejuvenation(复兴)andagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.
23.LocalColorism:
LocalColorismorRegionalismasatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.Theyformedanimportantpartoftherealisticmovement.Althoughitlostitsmomentumtowardtheendofthe19thcentury,thelocalspiritcontinuedtoinspireandfertilizetheimaginationofauthor.
24.LostGeneration:
Thistermhasbeenusedagainandagaintodescribethepeopleofthepostwaryears.TheLostGenerationwritersweredissatisfiedwiththeoppressivematerialismandculturalnarrownessoftheAmericansociety,sotheywentabroadtosearchforamorecongenial,artisticlocaleandproducedagreatnumberofthebestworksintheAmericanliteraryhistory.Theycastawayallpastconceptsandvaluesinordertocreatenewtypesofwriting,whichwascharacterizedbydisillusionmentwithidealsandfurtherwithcivilizationthecapitalistsocietyadvocated.Theypaintedthepost-warwesternworldasawasteland,lifelessandhopelessduetoethicaldegradationanddisillusionmentwithdreams.TheyhadcutthemselvesofffromtheirpastandoldvaluesinAmericaandyetunab
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