An Analysis on Bi and Xing in The Book of Songs.docx
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An Analysis on Bi and Xing in The Book of Songs.docx
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AnAnalysisonBiandXinginTheBookofSongs
UnderstandingChineseClassics
Thesis:
AnAnalysison“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs
College:
TheCollegeofForeignLanguage
Major:
English
Name:
FuJiajiaClassNumber:
09090305
Lecturer:
JiangYujiao
Co-Lecturers:
Time:
2013-12-26
Scores:
Contents
Abstractii
1.Introduction1
1.1IntroductionaboutTheBookofSongs1
1.2IntroductionaboutfemaleimagesinTheBookofSongs1
2.Thedefinitionof“Bi”and“Xing”2
2.1Thedefinitionof“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs2
3.Thefeaturesof“Bi”and“Xing”4
3.1Thefeaturesof“Bi”inTheBookofSongs3
3.2Thefeaturesof“Xing”inTheBookofSongs3
4.Functionsof“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs4
5.Conclusions5
WorksCited6
AnAnalysison“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs
FuJiajia
Abstract:
TheBookofSongsisthefirstcollectionpoeminthehistoryofancientChina,whichisabrilliantstartingpointofChinesehistoryofpoetry.ThebookdisplaysthehistoricscenebetweenShangDynastyandSpringandAutumnPeriodfromallaspectsofmulti-angleandmulti-level.“Fu”(赋),“Bi”(比)and“Xing”(兴)arethreemajortechniquesofexpressioninTheBookofSongs.Overtheages,scholarshavedonelotsofresearcheson“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs,mainlyfromtheperspectiveofliteratureincludingrhetoricandimage.Onlyafewscholarshaveanalyzedthemfromthecognitivepointofview,withoutaunifiedconclusion.Thisstudyverifiesthefeasibilityandapplicabilityofcognitivemetaphortheoryinunderstandingconcepts,andrevealsthecognitivesignificanceof“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs.
Keywords:
TheBookofSongs,“Bi”,“Xing”
1.Introduction
1.1IntroductionaboutTheBookofSongs
TheBookofSongs(Shijing),istheoldestpoetryanthology,aswellastheoldestschoolbookinChina.ItplaysamostimportantroleinestablishingandmaintainingtheChinesetraditionalculture.Meanwhile,itisalsooneoftheearliestcollectionsofpoemsintheworld.ItcontainsChinesepoemsoftheZhouDynastywrittenfromthe11thcenturyB.C.tothe6thcenturyB.C.Thepoemswrittenduringthisperiodaddeduptoover3000,fromwhichConfuciusselected305tocompilethisanthologyandgaveitthenameof“Shijing”insteadofitsoriginalonesShi(Poems)andShiSanbai(ThreeHundredPoems)(ChenZizhan&DuYuecun,1990:
9).TheBookofSongsisalsocalledMaoshi(MaoPoems)becauseitwasthecontributionofMaoHengoftheHanDynastywhoworkedhardontheannotationtothepoemstopassitdowntonowadays.
ThepoemsinTheBookofSongsaresaidtobesungassongs,whichisalsothereasonwhyitistranslatedas“TheBookofSongs”inEnglish.Basedonthetunestheyweresungby,thepoemswereclassifiedintothreecategories,namely,Feng(Ballads),Ya(FestalOdes),andSong(SacrificialSongs).Fengareregionalsongscomposedinthefifteensmallkingdoms(theyare:
Zhounan,Shaonan,Bei,Yong,Wei,Wang,Zheng,Qi,Wei,Tang,Qin,Chen,Hui,CaoandBin)existingatthattime,160poemsintotal(ibid:
10).MostofthepoemsinFengarefolksongsfromalongtheYellowRiver,writteninasimpleandnaturalstyle,reflectingthereallifeofthecommonpeopleindifferentregions,suchastheirdailyworkandjobs,theirjoysandlove,theirsadnessandhardship,andsoon.Onlyafewofthemareworksofthenobles.Yacanbedividedintotwoparts:
minorodesandmajorodes.
Amongthe74minorodes,somearesongstobesungatthenoblemen’sbanquetsorsacrificialrituals,somearepoemsbymenofletterstoventtheirmalcontentedfeelingsandafewofthemarefolksongs.MajorodesarepoemsreflectingthepoliticalrealityandeventsoftheWestZhouDynasty,31poemsinall.ThepoemsinYaarebasicallywrittenbythenobles.Songisalsodividedgeographicallyintothreeparts,including31poemsofZhou,4ofLuand5ofShang.These40poemsaremainlysacrificialhymnsandsongschieflyservetoglorifythegreatancestorsinthecourtsofZhou,LuandShangandinspiretheirdescendantstoworshipthemasgods.
1.2Introductionabout“Bi”,“Xing”
“Fu”,“Bi”,“Xing”arethethreeimportantliterarytechniquesintheproductionofthepoetryinTheBookofSongs,andalsohaveaprofoundinfluenceonthecreationofliteraryworksinthefollowinggenerations(XuYuanchong,2009:
4-5).“Fu”,themostbasictechniqueofexpression,referstothetechniqueofstraightnarrationanddescription(ibid:
4).Forinstance,in“死生契阔,与子成说。
执子之手,与子偕老”(“Meetorpart,liveordie;wemadeoath,youandI.Whencanourhandsweholdandlivetillwegrowold”–tr.XuYuanchong)from“ComplaintofaSoldier”(《邶风·击鼓》),theauthorexpresseshisorherfeelingsandemotionsdirectly.“Bi”referstothetechniqueofmakingcomparisonbetweendifferentthings,includingsimileandmetaphor(ibid:
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