课时讲练通高中英语高考分类题库考点3阅读理解.docx
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课时讲练通高中英语高考分类题库考点3阅读理解.docx
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课时讲练通高中英语高考分类题库考点3阅读理解
考点3阅读理解
一、科普知识类
(2014·重庆卷·C)话题:
生活 词数:
259w 难度:
★★★★
Theideaofbeingabletowalkonwaterhaslonginterestedhumansgreatly.Sadly,biologicalfactspreventuseveraccomplishingsuchathingwithoutartificialaid—wesimplyweightoomuch,andallourmasspushesdownthroughourrelativelysmallfeet,resultinginalotofpressurethatmakesussink.
However,severaltypesofanimalscanwalkonwater.OneofthemostinterestingisthecommonbasiliskBasilicusbasilicus,alizard(蜥蜴)nativetoCentralandSouthAmerica.Itcanrunacrosswaterforadistanceofseveralmeters,avoidinggettingwetbyrapidlyhittingthewater’ssurfacewithitsfeet.Thelizardwilltakeasmanyas20stepspersecondtokeepmovingforward.Forhumanstodothis,we’dneedhugefeetthatwecouldbringuptoourearsinordertocreateadequate“hitting”.
Butfortunatelythereisanalternative:
cornflour.Byaddingenoughofthiscommonthickeningagenttowater(anditdoestakealot),youcancreatea“non-Newtonian”liquidthatdoesn’tbehavelikenormalwater.Now,ifthesurfaceofthewaterishithardenough,particles(粒子)inthewatergrouptogetherforamomenttomakethesurfacehard.Movequicklyenoughandputenoughforceintoeachstep,andyoureallycanwalkacrossthesurfaceofanadequatelythickliquidofcornflour.
Funthoughallthismaysound,it’sstillrathermessyandbetterreadaboutintheorythancarriedoutinpractice.Ifyoumustdoit,thenkeepthewaterwingshandyincaseyoustarttosink—andtakeashowerafterward!
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。
水上行走虽然非常有趣,从理论来说是可能的,但在实践中是不切实际的,这主要是由人体的局限性造成的。
44.Walkingonwaterhasn’tbecomearealitymainlybecausehumans .
A.arenotinterestedinit
B.havebiologicallimitations
C.havenotinventedpropertools
D.areafraidtomakeanattempt
【解析】选B。
细节理解题。
根据第一段中的Sadly,biologicalfactspreventuseveraccomplishingsuchathing...可知,水上行走不能实现是由人体的局限性造成的。
45.WhatdoweknowaboutBasilicusbasilicusfromthepassage?
A.Itislightenoughtowalkonwater.
B.Itshugefeetenableittostayabovewater.
C.Itcanrunacrosswateratacertainspeed.
D.Itsuniqueskinkeepsitfromgettingwetinwater.
【解析】选C。
推理判断题。
根据第二段中的Itcanrunacrosswater...willtakeasmanyas20stepspersecondtokeepmovingforward.可知,Basilicusbasilicus可以以一定的速度在水上跑。
46.Whatisthefunctionofthecornflouraccordingtothepassage?
A.Tocreateathickliquid.
B.Toturnthewaterintosolid.
C.Tohelptheliquidbehavenormally.
D.Toenablethewatertomoverapidly.
【解析】选A。
细节理解题。
根据第三段中的particlesinthewatergrouptogetherforamomenttomakethesurfacehard可知,玉米粉的功能是形成浓厚的液体,以形成坚硬的表面。
47.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheideaofhumans’walkingonwater?
A.Itisriskybutbeneficial.
B.Itisinterestingandworthtrying.
C.Itiscrazyandcannotbecomeareality.
D.Itisimpracticalthoughtheoreticallypossible.
【解析】选D。
观点态度题。
根据最后一段中的Funthoughallthismaysound,it’sstillrathermessyandbetterreadaboutintheorythancarriedoutinpractice.可知,作者认为水上行走虽然从理论来说是可能的,但是不切实际。
(2014·辽宁卷·C)
话题:
树木生存法则 词数:
267W 难度:
★★★
Woulditsurpriseyoutolearnthat,likeanimals,treescommunicatewitheachotherandpassontheirwealthtothenextgeneration?
UBCProfessorSimardexplainshowtreesaremuchmorecomplexthanmostofuseverimagined.AlthoughCharlesDarwinthoughtthattreesarecompetingforsurvivalofthefittest,Simardshowsjusthowwronghewas.Infact,theoppositeistrue:
treessurvivethroughtheirco-operationandsupport,passingaroundnecessarynutrition“dependingonwhoneedsit”.
Nitrogen(氮)andcarbonaresharedthroughmilesofundergroundfungi(真菌)networks,makingsurethatalltreesintheforestecologicalsystemgiveandreceivejusttherightamounttokeepthemallhealthy.Thishiddensystemworksinaverysimilarwaytothenetworksofneurons(神经元)inourbrains,andwhenonetreeisdestroyed,itaffectsall.
Simardtalksabout“mothertrees”,usuallythelargestandoldestplantsonwhichallothertreesdepend.Sheexplainshowdyingtreespassonthewealthtothenextgeneration,transportingimportantmineralstoyoungtreessotheymaycontinuetogrow.Whenhumanscutdown“mothertrees”withnoawarenessofthesehighlycomplex“treesocieties”orthenetworksonwhichtheyfeed,wearereducingthechancesofsurvivalfortheentireforest.
“Wedidn’ttakeanynoticeofit,”Simardsayssadly.“Dyingtreesmovenutritionintotheyoungtreesbeforedying,butwenevergivethemchance.”Ifwecouldputacrossthemessagetotheforestryindustry,wecouldmakeahugedifferencetowardsourenvironmentalprotectioneffortsforthefuture.
【文章大意】本文主要讲述了与达尔文的“适者生存论”相反的howtreesocietieswork这一新发现。
29.Theunderlinedsentence“theoppositeistrue”inParagraph2probablymeansthattrees .
A.competeforsurvival
B.protecttheirownwealth
C.dependoneachother
D.providesupportfordyingtrees
【解析】选C。
细节理解题。
文中第二段提到CharlesDarwinthoughtthattreesarecompetingforsurvivalofthefittest(达尔文的适者生存),而UBCProfessorSimard却认为“正好相反”,下文接着论述树木是如何相互依赖以达到生存目的的。
故C项表述正确。
30.“Mothertrees”areextremelyimportantbecausethey .
A.lookthelargestinsizeintheforest
B.passonnutritiontoyoungtrees
C.seemmorelikelytobecutdownbyhumans
D.knowmoreaboutthecomplex“treesocieties”
【解析】选B。
细节理解题。
根据文章第四段中的Simardtalksabout“mothertrees”,usuallythelargestandoldestplantsonwhichallothertreesdepend.可知,mothertrees是其他树木的依靠,下文接着提到...howdyingtreespassonthewealthtothenextgeneration,transportingimportantmineralstoyoungtreessotheymaycontinuetogrow.故B项“给幼树提供营养”正确。
31.Theunderlinedword“it”inthelastparagraphrefersto .
A.how“treesocieties”work
B.howtreesgrowold
C.howforestryindustrydevelops
D.howyoungtreessurvive
【解析】选A。
词义猜测题。
“Wedidn’ttakeanynoticeofit,”Simardsayssadly.是对上面一个段落中提到的mothertrees如何传递营养给幼树的一个解释和说明,是承接上段的内容,故it指的是“树木家族如何运转、传递营养”这一内容。
32.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.OldTreesCommunicateLikeHumans
B.YoungTreesAreInNeedOfProtection
C.TreesAreMoreAwesomeThanYouThink
D.TreesContributeToOurSociety
【解析】选C。
主旨大意题。
本文主要讲述how“treesocieties”work这一新发现。
故C项正确。
(2014·湖北卷·C)
话题:
动物行为研究 词数:
322 难度:
★★★★
Workingwithagroupofbaboons(狒狒)intheNamibiandesert,Dr.AleciaCarteroftheDepartmentofZoology,CambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.Somebaboonsweregiventhechancetowatchanotherbaboonwhoalreadyknewhowtosolvethetask,whileothershadtolearnforthemselves.Toworkouthowbraveoranxiousthebaboonswere,Dr.Carterpresentedthemeitherwithanovelfoodorathreatintheformofamodelofapoisonoussnake.
Shefoundthatpersonalityhadamajorimpactonlearning.Thebraverbaboonslearnt,buttheshyonesdidnotlearnthetaskalthoughtheywatchedthebaboonperformthetaskoffindingthenovelfoodjustaslongasthebraveonesdid.Ineffect,despitebeingmadeawareofwhattodo,theywerestilltooshytodowhattheexperiencedbaboondid.
Thesameheldtrueforanxiousbaboonscomparedwithcalmones.Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.
Thismismatchbetweencollectingsocialinformationandusingitshowsthatpersonalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals,somethingthathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothings.Thefindingsaresignificantbecausetheysuggestthatanimalsmayperformpoorlyincognitive(认知的)tasksnotbecausetheyaren’tcleverenoughtosolvethem,butbecausetheyaretooshyornervoustousethesocialinformation.
Thefindingsmayimpacthowweunderstandtheformationofcultureinsocietiesthroughsociallearning.Ifsomeindividualsareunabletogetinformationfromothersbecausetheydon’tassociatewiththeknowledgeableindividuals,ortheyaretooshytousetheinformationoncetheyhaveit,informationmaynottravelbetweenallgroupmembers,preventingtheformationofaculturebasedonsociallearning.
【文章大意】对动物行为的研究折射人类文化的形成。
59.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?
A.ThedesignofDr.Carter’sresearch.
B.TheresultsofDr.Carter’sresearch.
C.ThepurposeofDr.Carter’sresearch.
D.ThesignificanceofDr.Carter’sresearch.
【解析】选A。
段落大意题。
通过第一段最后一句“Toworkouthowbraveoranxiousthebaboonswere,Dr.Carterpresentedthemeitherwithanovelfoodorathreatintheformofamodelofapoisonoussnake.”可知第一段主要论述了Dr.Carter进行的研究计划。
60.Accordingtotheresearch,whichbaboonsaremorelikelytocompleteanewlearningtask?
A.Thosethathavemoreexperience.
B.Thosethatcanavoidpotentialrisks.
C.Thosethatliketoworkindependently.
D.Thosethatfeelanxiousaboutlearning.
【解析】选D。
细节理解题。
根据第三段第二句“Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.”可知选择Thosethatfeelanxiousaboutlearning。
61.Whichbestillustratesthe“mismatch”mentionedinParagraph4?
A.Somebaboonsareintelligentbutslowinlearning.
B.Somebaboonsareshybutactiveinsocialactivities.
C.Somebaboonsobserveothersbutdon’tfollowthem.
D.Somebaboonsperformnewtasksbutdon’tconcentrate.
【解析】选C。
词义猜测题。
根据第四段第一句得知这种mismatch的行为应在上文第三段已经提及,因此可以定位到第三段“Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.”所以答案选C。
62.Dr.Carter’sfindingsindicatethatourculturemightbeformedthrough .
A.storinginformation
B.learningfromeachother
C.understandingdifferentpeople
D.travellingbetweensocialgroups
【解析】选B。
推理判断题。
根据最后一段最后一句可知文化是人们在相互学习、交流中形成的。
(2014·江西卷·D)
D
Everyonelooksforwardtoprogress,whetherinone’spersonallifeorinthegeneralsociet
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