2 Effective Reading Strategies 教参.docx
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2 Effective Reading Strategies 教参.docx
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2EffectiveReadingStrategies教参
Chapter2
EffectiveReadingStrategies
Inthisageofinformation,yourgreatdifficultyinreadingisthatyouhavetoomuchtoread.So,youfirstneedtoselectfrommassiveinformationwhatyoureallyneedtoread.However,afteryourselection,youmayfindthatyoustillhavetoomuchtoread.Soyouneedtoreadquickly.Butwhenyoureadquickly,youmaymisstheimportantpoints.Soyouneedwaystofindthemainpointsinthetextaccurately.Inreading,youmayalsofindsomesentencesorparagraphsexpressmeaningsinanindirectorimpliedway,soyouneedtomakeinferencesfromimpliedmeaning.Thefollowingstrategiesareregardedascriticalineffectivereading:
•Skimmingandscanning:
Quicklyglancethroughadocumenttogetageneralideaofthecontent.
•Identifyingstructureandhierarchy:
Determinethegenreandcontentarrangementbyreadingboththeverbalandvisualelements.识别结构和层次:
通过识别文字和图表成分来确定体裁和内容安排形式。
•Distinguishingmainpoints:
Differentiateimportantfromunimportantideas.
•Drawinginferences:
Understandtheimpliedmeaningofinformationandreflectontheeffectoftheimplication.做出推断:
理解信息的含蓄意义并考虑暗示的影响。
I.SkimmingandScanning浏览与找读
Beforecarefullyreadingsentences,paragraphs,tablesandgraphsofadocument,youshoulddoskimmingandscanningfirst.
1.Skimming浏览或略读
Skimmingmeanstogothroughtheentiredocumentveryquickly.Theideaistogetanoverallsenseofwhatisinthedocumentandwhereitislocated.Youshouldusuallybeginreadingadocumentbyskimming.Thefollowingstrategieshelpyouskimeffectively:
•Forabook:
Lookingthroughthepreface,thetableofcontents,andtheindextogetanoverviewofthecontentandasenseofthescopeandapproach.翻阅目录、前言和索引以获得对内容的概观以及对文件范围和使用方法的总体印象。
NOTE:
Manystudentsoftengetdowntoreadingabookwithoutglancingtheprefaceorcontents.Aftertwoorthreechapters,theyonlyfindthebookisnotsuitableforthem,andthustheywastetimeandenergy.
Note2:
TaketheChineseprefaceofourtextbookasanexampleofskimming.Paragraphs1-4:
IntroductionofETC—whatstudentsneedtolearn;Paragraph5:
Purposes;Paragraph6:
Approachincompilingthebook;7-10:
Contentsofthebook;Paragraph11:
Scopeofapplicationofthetextbook.
•Foranarticle:
Glancingthroughthetitle,abstractorsummary,headings,topicsentences,andfirstandfinalparagraphstoidentifythemainideas.浏览文件题目、摘要、标题、主题句、第一段(通常是引言)和最后一段(通常是结论或总结)以识别主要内容。
Skimmingadocumentwillhelpyouincreasecomprehensionwhenyoureadthedocumentinmoredetails.You’llhaveabettersenseofwhatyouneedtoconcentrateonandwhatyoucanreadfairlyquickly.Afterskimming,youcandecidewhetheryoushouldreadthedocumentornot,whetheryoushouldreadthewholeoronlyapartofthedocument,andalsoonwhichpartyoushouldconcentrate.
2.Scanning找读、查阅、查找
Scanningmeanstorunyoureyesdownapageorscreentolookforspecificinformation.Scanningisthekindofreadingyoudotolocateawordinadictionary.Youscanadocumentforthefollowingpurposes:
•Identifyingkeytermsthatarenewtoyou.识别新的术语。
•Locatingparticulartextfeaturessuchastables,graphsandexamples.查找特别的文本特征,如图表和范例。
•Determiningcriticalinformationthatyoumustrememberexactly,suchasprinciples,laws,definitions,formulas,andstepsinaprocess.确定需要准确记忆的关键信息,如原则、法律、定义、公式和程序的步骤。
•
3.VisualCues视觉提示
Inskimmingandscanning,youshouldpayspecialattentiontodocumentdesignfeaturesorvisualcues.Visualcuesaresignalsinatextthatcatchyourattentionimmediately.Forexample,headingsandsubheadingscanhelpyoudistinguishthehierarchy(levels)ofideasinadocument.Thefollowingisalistofcommonlyusedvisualcuesfordocumentdesign.Theyareusedtodifferentiatemainandsubordinatesectionsandtosignalthekeyinformation.
Figure1VisualCues
Category
Function
Fontsize
字号
Differentsizeofprintthatareusedforheadingsandsubheadingstodistinguishdifferentlevelsofthetext.E.g.twelvepointsfortext;eighteenpointsfortitles
Fontstyle
字形
Differentdesignofprint,suchasCAPITALLETTERS,bold,anditalics,thatcanbeusedtodrawreader’sattentiontoelementssuchasheadings,keyterms,andimportantcharacteristics.
Fonttype
字体
Differentdesignofprint,suchasTimesNewRoman,Arial,areusedforcertaintypeofdocument.TimesNewRomanisusuallyusedforlongdocuments,whileArialforshortones.
List表格
Aseriesofparallelitemsineithernumberedorbulletedformat
Indentation缩排
Theblankspacebetweenamarginandthebeginningofaline,usedtochunkrelatedinformation把相关信息组成信息块
Linespacing行距
Theleadingorspacebetweenlinesthatcanbeusedtochunkrelatedinformation
Icon图标
Asmallpictureonapageorscreenthatrepresentsaspecificmeaningorfunction.Internationalstandardiconsarenonverbalinformationthatcanbeunderstoodbypeopleofdifferentlanguages.Theycouldberecognizedimmediatelybypeopleallovertheworldregardlessoflanguagebarriers.Therefore,scientificlanguages,particularlycomputerlanguage,makefulluseoficons.Thefollowingareexamplesofcommonlyusedicons.
Figure2ExamplesofIcons
Handicapped
Pharmacy
Radiation
Electricity
Laboratory
Folder
Cut
Copy
Save
Youshouldbeabletorecognizethecommonlyusediconsandthoseinyourownfieldofstudy.Theycanhelpyourecognizerelevantinformationimmediatelyevenwithoutreadingthetext,whichincreasetheefficiencyofcommunication.
Awell-designeddocumentmakeseffectiveuseofvisualcues.Intheprocessofskimmingandscanning,youshouldtrytomakefulluseofthevisualcuestocatchtheinformationyouwantquickly.
Figure3TableofContentsShowingHierarchywithVisualCues(Easyforskimming)
Source:
NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,NASATechBriefs20(3)(March1996).
Figure4.AnarticledifficultforscanningFigure5Articleeasyforscanning
Note:
ThereadingcomprehensiontestinChina’sCollegeEnglishTest(CET)issomewhatapseudoreadingpractice,becausethosetextshasbeenadaptedbytheexaminedesigners.Theyhaveremovedallthevisualcuesfromthetext(notitles,headings,speciallyprintedkeywords)andthusmakethereadingunnecessarilydifficultorpuzzling.Ontheotherhand,thetextsinCETareallshortpassages,butinworkingandstudying,weneedtoreadmuchlongerdocuments,suchasresearchpapersandbooks.Therefore,thevisualcuesareimportantmeasurestoguidereadersthroughreading.
II.IdentifyingStructureandHierarchybyGenre根据体裁识别结构和层次
Technicaldocumentsusuallyhaveaclearandidentifiablestructureandhierarchy.Thisstructureandhierarchyofcontentscanoftenbeidentifiedbythegenre.
Agenreisacategoryofwritingmarkedbyadistinctivestyle(wayofwriting,rhetoric),form(wayoforganization,format),orcontent.体裁是根据具有特色的文体、格式或内容而确定的作品类型。
Somecommonlyusedgenresintechnicalwritingareresearchreports,usermanualsandbusinessletters.Forexample,anoriginalresearchreport原创性研究报告hasitsdistinctdocumentfeatures.Thebodyoftheoriginalresearchreportusuallyhasfivemajorsectionsasfollows:
1)Background
2)Researchquestion
3)Purpose
4)Methods
5)Results
6)Conclusion/Recommendation
Theabstractofanoriginalresearchreportclearlyreflectsthesefeatures.Figure5providesanexampleabstracttohelpyouanticipateandlocatethefivepartsofinformationthatappearinaresearchreport.
Figure5ComposingLetterswithasimulatedListeningTypewriter
Abstract.Withalisteningtypewriter听音打字机,whatanauthorsayswouldbeautomaticallyrecognizedanddisplayedinfrontofhimorher.However,speechrecognition语音辩认isnotyetadvancedenoughtoprovidepeoplewithareliablelisteningtypewriter.Anaimofourexperimentswastodetermineifanimperfectlisteningtypewriterwouldbeusefulforcomposingletters.Participantsdictatedletters,eitherinisolatedwordsorinconsecutivewordspeech.Theydidthiswithsimulationsoflisteningtypewritersthatrecognizedeitheralimitedvocabularyoranunlimitedvocabulary.他们使用可辨认有限词汇或无限词汇的各种模拟听音打字机进行试验。
Resultsindicatedthatsomeversions,evenuponfirstusingthem,wereatlestasgoodastraditionalmethodsofhandwritinganddictating.Isolatedwordspeechwithlargevocabulariesmayprovidethebasisforausefullisteningtypewriter.单词朗读加上大词汇库可提供有用听音打字机的设计基础。
Youarelikelytoreadaresearchreportmorequicklyandwithgreatercomprehensionifyoucananticipateitselementsandstructure.(Forexample,ifyouwanttoknowtheresultofthereportdirectly,youcanmovetothepartneartheendwithoutgoingthroughthewholereport.)Justasresearchreportshaveapredictablestructure,sodotheotherdocuments.Wheneveryouarereading,youcanmakegooduseofyourtimebyknowingthegenrecharacteristicsofthedocument.Anticipatingthestructureandorganizationofthedocumenthelpsyoureadeffectively.
III.DistinguishingMainPoints辨别要点
Aparagraphintechnicalwritingisgenerallycomposedoftwokindsofsentences:
atopicsentence主题句thatstatesthemainpoints,andseveralsupportingsentences辅助句thathelpreadersunderstandtherelationshipsamongideasinaparagraph.Sometimesthemainpointsareeasytodistinguishbecausethewriterhasconstructedthedocumentsothattopicsentencesclearlysignalthemainpoints.Figure6isanexampleexcerptedfromatextbookofchemistry.Hereeachparagraphhasaninitialtopicsentencestatingthemainidea.Whenreadingsuchtexts,readerscaneasilyidentifythemainpoints.
Figure6TextwithMainPointsinInitialTopicSentences
WhatisEnergy?
Energyisthe
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