语言学习题全.docx

语言学习题全.docx

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语言学习题全

ChapterIIntroduction

1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.（T）

2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.（F）

3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.（F）

4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.（T）

5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.（T）

6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.（T）

7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.（）

8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.（F）

9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.（T）

10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.（T）

11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.（T）

12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.（T）

13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.（T）

14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.（T）

15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.（T）

16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.（F）

17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.（T）

18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.（F）

19Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.（T）

20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.（F）

21.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

22.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.

23.Dualityisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:

alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

24.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.

26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.

27.Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.

29.Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.

30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.

A.prescriptive  　　　　B.analytic

C.descriptive   　　　　D.linguistic

32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage

A.Arbitrariness　　　　 B.Displacement

C.Duality　　　　　　　D.Meaningfulness

33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.

A.primary　　　　　B.correct

C.secondary　　　　D.stable

34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.

A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue

D.Alloftheabove

35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.

A.synchronic　　　　B.diachronic

C.prescriptive　　　　D.comparative

36.Saussuretooka（n）__________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.

A.sociological…psychological

B.psychological…sociological

C.applied…pragmatic

D.semanticandlinguistic

37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.parole   B.performance

C.langue   D.Language

38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.

A.sense    　　B.sounds

C.objects  　　D.ideas

39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,

A.displacement 　　　B.duality

C.flexibility   　　　　　D.culturaltransmission

40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough____,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learning   　　　B.teaching

C.books      　　　D.bothAandB

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics45.Psycholinguistics46.Language47.Phonetics48.Morphology9.Semantics50.Sociolinguistics

51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness53Productivity54.Displacement55.Duality56.DesignFeatures57.Competence58Performance59.Langue60Parole

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.

62.WhatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageIllustratethemwithexamples.

63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?

Why?

Chapter2：

Phonology

1.VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.

2.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

3.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.

4.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.

5.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.

6.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

7.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.

8.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:

thethroat,themouthandthechest.

9.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

10.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.

11.Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.

12.Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:

thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.

13.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.

14.Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.

15.Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.

16.Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.

17.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.

18.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

19.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.

20.Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.

21．A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.

22．A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.

23．Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds.

24．Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.

25．Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation.

26．Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.

27．S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.

28．Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlan-guagearecalleds____rules.

29．Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththed