文体学复习79720.docx

文体学复习79720.docx

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文体学复习79720

文体学复习79720

文体学复习

UnitOne

1.Stylistics:

Adisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused；itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguageinuse.

2.SubdivisionofStylistics:

GeneralandLiterary

UnitTwo

1.WhyshouldwestudyStylistics

A.Ithelpscultivateasenseofappropriateness.

B.Itsharpenstheunderstandingandappreciationofliteraryworks.

C.Ithelpsachieveadaptationintranslation.

UnitThree

1.Dialects:

Languagevariationsthatareassociatedwithdifferentusersofthelanguage.

2.Registers:

Languagevariationsthatareassociatedwiththedifferentusetowhichtheyareput.

3.PatternsofDialects:

Individual;Temporal;Regional;SocialandStandard,amongwhichSocialdialectcanbefurtherdividedintosocioeconomicstatus,ethnic,genderandagevariety.

4.PatternsofRegisters:

Fieldofdiscourse;ModeofdiscourseandTenorofdiscourse.

Unit5

1.Formality:

Itreferstothewayinwhichthestyleoflanguagewillvaryinappropriatenessaccordingtothesocialcontext:

theoccasionandtherelationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee.

2.Twomainfactorsthatvarythedegreeofformality:

FunctionalTenorandSpeechSituation.

FunctionalTenor:

tellsustheaddresser’sintentionofusingthelanguage.

SpeechSituation:

Inordertochooseanappropriatespotonthecontinuum,thespeakermustassessthe“speechsituation”----thesetting,purpose,audience,socialrelations,andtopic.

3.MartinJoos’Classification

A.thefrozenlevel:

writtenlegaldocumentsorhighlysolemnspeech.

B.theformallevel:

usedforpublicaddresssuchaslecturesorspeecheswheretheaudienceisnotknowntothespeakerpersonallyorwherepersonalacquaintanceisnotacknowledged.

C.theconsultativelevel:

Lessformalgatheringssuchascommitteemeetingswherestatusisstillfairlyclearlydesigned,butwhereparticipantsinteract.

D.thecasuallevel:

Amongfriends,orpeerswhoknoweachotherwellenoughthatlittleelaborationisnecessary.

E.theintimatelevel:

betweenpeoplewhoseeeachotherdailyandsharethemajorityoftheirdailylifeexperiences.

Unit6

1.Distinctionsamongspeech:

Speechcanbespontaneous（conversingv.monologuing）andnon-spontaneous（sub-categorizedasreciting）.

2.Distinctionsamongwriting:

Thetextthathasbeenwrittenmaybewrittentobespokenasifnotwritten（thelinesinadrama）,writtentobespoken（scriptsforsermons,speeches,lectures,newsbulletinsandcommentaries）,orevenwrittennotnecessarilytobespokenwithnorelationtothespokenmode（telephonebookordictionaries）,andwrittennotnecessarilytobespokenbutwitharelationshipwiththespokenmode（dialogueinanovel）.

Unit7Conversation

1.Grammaticalfeaturesofconversation

A.preferenceforshortandloosesentences

B.highincidenceofellipticalandincompletesentences

C.frequencyofinterrogativesentences

D.simplenominalandverbalgroupstructure

2.Lexicalfeatures

A.preferenceforshortwordsandvagueexpression

B.frequentuseofcolloquialitemsandidiomsandagreatmanyphrasalverbs

C.useoflexicalhyperboleandofslang

3.Phonologicalfeatures

A.frequentuseofsomebasicprosodicpattern（Thereisahighproportionofsimplefallingtones.）

B.prosodicvariationwithinthetone-unit

C.frequencyofpauseanduneventempo

D.freeoccurrenceofparalinguisticeffects

4.Semanticfeatures

A.randomnessofsubjectmatterandgenerallackofplanning

B.cohesivedeviceisverymarkedbythefrequentuseofpersonalpronounreference,cross-referenceusingarticlesanddeterminersanduseofcoordinatingconjunction.

Unit8PublicSpeech

1.Grammaticalfeaturesofpublicspeech

A.variationinsentencelength,asitreflectstheemotionalstateofmindofthespeakerandhis/herefforttoevokeanactiveresponsefromtheaudience.

B.varioussentencetypes（mostofthemarestatements,occasionalquestionsareused;vocativesareusedtoaddatouchofintimacytotheaddresser-addresseerelationship）

C.morecomplex-lookinggroupstructures（nominalgroupsaremorewithpostmodificationthanwithpremodification.

2.Lexicalfeatures

A.usingaccurateandcleanwords（muchuseofabstractwordsorevenbigwords）

B.adaptationofwordingtoparticularaudience

C.lessuseofphrasalverbs

3.Phonologicalfeatures

A.appropriatevolumeandpitchvariation

B.varyingtempoandrightlytimepause

C.rhythmiceffect

D.distinctarticulation

E.fulluseofnon-verbalcommunication

4.semanticfeatures

A.effectivewaysoforganization（problem-solutionorder）

Fivestepsofpsychologyofpersuasion:

Attention-Need-Satisfaction-Visualization-Action.

Connectivesinpublicspeaking:

theuseoftransitionalphrases,internalpreviewsandsummaries,andtheuseofsignposts

A.effectivewaysofdelivery

parallelism:

makesthestatementclear,consistentandcompelling

antithesis:

lendsextraimpacttothestatement

repetition:

helpscreateastrongemotionaleffect

a.synonym:

addforce,clearnessorbalancetoasentence

b.alliteration:

spruceupspeeches

Unit9Advertising

1.FunctionsofAdvertising

A.marketingrole

B.educationalrole

C.economicrole

D.socialrole

2.Twotypesofnewspaperads:

displayandclassified

3.Graphologicalfeatures

A.fulluseofgraphologicalcontrasts

B.prominentuseofpictures

C.clearidentificationoftheadvertiser

4.Grammaticalfeatures

A.preferenceforshortsentences

B.combineduseofvarioustypesofsentences

C.useofsimpleverbalgroups

D.useofheavilymodifiednominalgroups

5.Lexicalfeatures

A.wideuseofaffirmativeandcommendatorywordsandexpressions

a.Comparisonsaremanyinadvertising,usuallytoaffirmtheimprovementmadetoaproductorservice.

b.Mostprominentistheuseofalargenumberofadjectives

B.Frequentuseofpersonalpronouns

C.Extensiveuseofneologisms

6.Semanticfeatures

A.heavyrelianceonoveralllayout

Fivepartsofcomponents:

theheadline,thebody,theillustration,thesignatureandtheepigrammaticslogan.

B.highattentiontopositioningandtheme

C.useofrhetoricaldevises

a.repetition

b.parallelstructure

c.metaphoricalusesoflanguage

d.allusionsandpuns

7.Conspicuousfeaturesofbusiness-to-businessadvertising:

Businesscopytenstobelonger,moredetailedandmorefactual.Emphasisisplacedonaccuracyandcompleteness.

文体学复习

（二）

Unit10NewsReport

1.Generalfeatures

A.simple,easy-to-understandlanguage

B.Theneedtobecompact,andclear,andinterestingposesparticulardemandonthegraphologicaldesignofheadlines’onthepeculiararrangementofevents,andontheclarity,directnessandvividnessoflanguage.

2.Graphologicalfeature:

contrastinheadlines

3.Grammaticalfeatures

A.alternatinguseoflongandshortstatement-typesentences

B.frequentuseofinvertedsentencestructureandexpandedsimplesentences

C.useofheavymodifiednominalgroups:

thepresenceofmuchcomplexpre-andpost-modificationofthenominalgroupinthisvarietyofEnglish

D.useofsimpleverbalgroups

4.Lexicalfeatures

A.preferenceforjournalisticwordsandsetexpressions

B.wideuseofneologisms:

wordswithextendedmeaning\nonce-words\coinages\wordsborrowedextensivelyfromsportsandtechnology,gambling,ect.

C.extensiveuseofabbreviations

D.avoidanceofsuperlativesandtarnishedwordornaments

E.avoidanceofunobjectivewording

5.Semanticfeatures

A.distinctivediscoursepattern

B.simplewayoftransition

C.skilfulheadlining

a.Headlinesplayavitalpartindrawingthereaders’attentiontothenewsstory.

b.Rhetorically,headlinesseeknoveltyandhumorbyintriguingarrangementsofwordsandphrases,alluding,punningandvariousfigurativeuseoflanguagewheneverthereisachance.

Unit11ScienceandTechnology

1.threeabbreviations:

A.EST=theEnglishofscienceandtechnology

B.ESST=theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology

C.ECST=theEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology

2.Generalfeature:

impersonalformalstyle\veryhighconcentrationoftechnicaltermsandanumberofmathematicalsymbols.

3.Grammaticalfeatures

A.moreuseoflongerandstatement-typesentences

B.preferenceforimpersonalsentencepatterns

a.frequentuseofsentencesintroducedbyananticipatoryIt

b.frequentuseofpassivestructure

C.wideuseofnon-finitestructureandprepositionalphrases

D.useofexpandedpremodification:

NominalgroupsinESTarecharacterizedbyexpandednounpremodification.

E.tendencytonominalization:

Nominalizationisanotherwayofmakingsentencescompact,impersonalandformal.

F.wideuseofthesimplepresenttense:

Whenscientistsmakestatementswhichtheybelievetobetrueatalltimesandinallplaces,theyusethesimplepresenttense.

G.incidenceofsubjunctivemood:

whenexplainingaproblemoraphenomenon.

4.LexicalFeatures:

uniquevocabularyanduseofcommonwordswithaccurateanddispassionedmeaning

A.specificuseofhighly-technicalwords

Highly-technicalwords:

Specializedvocabularyforagivenscientificdiscipline.Theyarewordswithprecise,narrowmeaningsuniquetothediscipline.

B.wideuseofsemi-technicalwords

Semi-technicalwords:

WordswhichareusedbothinordinaryEnglishandinESTwritings.Thosewordshavedifferentspecificmeaningsintheirdifferenttechnicalfields.

C.uniqueuseofnon-technicalwordsandexpressions:

Inordertoavoidambiguityorimprecisionofmorecommonlyusedwordswiththesameapparentmeanings,scientistsandengineerstendtousewordsandexpressionswithmeaningswhichareseldomusedoutsideEST.

D.frequentuseofabbreviations,symbols,formulae,andcharts

5.Semanticfeatures

A.wideuseofconnectives:

a.Backwardreferencewithuseofpronounit,thedefinitearticletheandthedemonstrativethis.

b.Nounrepetition

c.