唐力力 Adjectiveadverb.docx

唐力力 Adjectiveadverb.docx

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唐力力Adjectiveadverb

Adjective&adverb

WhatIsAnAdjective?

Anadjectivemodifiesanounorapronounbydescribing,identifying,orquantifyingwords.Anadjectiveusuallyprecedesthenounorthepronounwhichitmodifies.

Inthefollowingexamples,thehighlightedwordsareadjectives:

Thetruck-shapedballoonfloatedoverthetreetops.

Mrs.Morrisonpaperedherkitchenwallswithhideouswallpaper.

Thesmallboatfounderedonthewinedarksea.

Thecoalminesaredarkanddank.

ManystoreshavealreadybeguntoplayirritatingChristmasmusic.

Abatteredmusicboxsatonthemahoganysideboard.

Thebackroomwasfilledwithlarge,yellowrainboots.

Anadjectivecanbemodifiedbyanadverb,orbyaphraseorclausefunctioningasanadverb.Inthesentence

Myhusbandknitsintricatelypatternedmittens.

forexample,theadverb"intricately"modifiestheadjective"patterned."

Somenouns,manypronouns,andmanyparticiplephrasescanalsoactasadjectives.Inthesentence

Eleanorlistenedtothemuffledsoundsoftheradiohiddenunderherpillow.

forexample,bothhighlightedadjectivesarepastparticiples.

Grammariansalsoconsiderarticles（"the,""a,""an"）tobeadjectives.

Anadjectiveisawordwhichactstomodifyanouninasentence.Whileadjectivesplayalargeroleinmanylanguages--suchasEnglish--manyotherlanguageshavenoadjectivesatall.InEnglishthesetofadjectivesisfairlywellunderstood,thoughsomepeopleincludeotherpartsofspeech--suchasarticleslikethe--intheclassofadjectives.

Therearetwomainrolesanadjectivemaytakeinasentence,andwithafewexceptionseachadjectiveisabletotakeeitherrolejustaseasily.Thefirstroleistoactasapredicativeadjective,inwhichtheadjectivemodifiesaprecedingnounasapredicate,linkedbyaverb.Anexampleofapredicativeadjectivecanbefoundinthesentence:

Azebraisstriped.inwhichtheadjectivestripedislinkedthesubjectofthesentence,zebra,byuseofthecopulaverbtobeintheisform.

Thesecondroleanadjectivemaytakeisasanattributiveadjective,inwhichitmodifiesanounbybeinglinkeddirectlytothenounaspartofthenounphrase.Anexampleofanattributiveadjectivemaybeseeninthesentence:

Thestripedzebrapranced.inwhichtheadjectivestripedisdirectlyconnectedtothesubjectofthesentence,zebra.InEnglish,mostattributiveadjectivesprecedethenountheyaregoingtomodify,whileinmanyRomancelanguagestheadjectivecomesafterthenoun.SowhileinEnglishwemightsayThebeautifulwoman.inFrenchwewouldsayLefemmejolie.whichmaybeliterallytranslatedasThewomanbeautiful.

WhilemostadjectivesinEnglishareabletobeusedjustaseasilyeitherinanattributiveorapredicativesense,therearesomewhicharerestrictedtooneroleortheother.Forexample,theadjectivesolecanbeusedgrammaticallyonlyasanattributiveadjective,ascanbeseeninthesentence:

Thisisthesolesurvivor.Ontheotherhand,tryingtousetheadjectivesoleinthepredicativerolewouldresultintheungrammaticalsentence:

Thissurvivorissole.OtherEnglishadjectives,suchasalone,maybeusedonlyasapredicativeadjective,whileattemptstousethemattributivelyresultinungrammaticalsentences.

Adjectivesmaybemodifiedbyadverbsoradverbialclauses,butnotbyotheradjectives.Manyadjectives,however,caneasilytranslateintocorrespondingadverbssimplybyaddingthe-lyendingtothem.Thiscanbeseeninpairssuchasquick/quicklyandhappy/happily.

InEnglishandmanyotherlanguages,adjectivesalsohaveacorrectandincorrectorder,dependingonthetypeofadjectivesused.Mostnativespeakerslearnthisorderinstinctively,andrelatedmistakesareoneofthemostobvioussignsofanon-nativespeaker.Forexample,usingtheadjectivesred,little,andtwowiththenounbooks,mostnativeEnglishspeakerswouldintuitivelyordertheadjectivestoformthesentenceThetwolittleredbooks.Tonon-nativespeakers,however,itmightseemjustasintuitivetosayThetworedlittlebooks.orevenTheredtwolittlebooks.BothofwhichareimmediatelyobviousasincorrecttoanativeEnglishspeaker.

Asmentionedearlier,notalllanguagesuseadjectives;someuseotherpartsofspeechinsteadtofillthisrole.ManyNativeAmericanlanguages,forexample,useverbstofilltherolethatadjectivesplayinEnglish,sothatratherthanThewomanisshort.wearefacedwithsomethinglikeThewomanisshorting.LanguagesthatusenounsasadjectivesareoftenmorecomprehensibletospeakersofEnglish,sinceoursentenceformationscaneasilyallowformetaphoricdescriptionusingonlynouns,withaverbperhapstoflavorit,suchasThesunwasablazinginferno.insteadofThesunwashot.Englishalsousesabstractnouns,forexampletoturnAnimportantstatement.intoAstatementofimport.

WhatisanAdverb?

Anadverbcanmodifyaverb,anadjective,anotheradverb,aphrase,oraclause.Anadverbindicatesmanner,time,place,cause,ordegreeandanswersquestionssuchas"how,""when,""where,""howmuch".

Whilesomeadverbscanbeidentifiedbytheircharacteristic"ly"suffix,mostofthemmustbeidentifiedbyuntanglingthegrammaticalrelationshipswithinthesentenceorclauseasawhole.Unlikeanadjective,anadverbcanbefoundinvariousplaceswithinthesentence.

Inthefollowingexamples,eachofthehighlightedwordsisanadverb:

Theseamstressquicklymadethemourningclothes.

Inthissentence,theadverb"quickly"modifiestheverb"made"andindicatesinwhatmanner（orhowfast）theclothingwasconstructed.

Themidwiveswaitedpatientlythroughalonglabour.

Similarlyinthissentence,theadverb"patiently"modifiestheverb"waited"anddescribesthemannerinwhichthemidwiveswaited.

Theboldlyspokenwordswouldreturntohaunttherebel.

Inthissentencetheadverb"boldly"modifiestheadjective"spoken."

Weurgedhimtodialthenumbermoreexpeditiously.

Heretheadverb"more"modifiestheadverb"expeditiously."

Unfortunately,thebankclosedatthreetoday.

Inthisexample,theadverb"unfortunately"modifiestheentiresentence.

ConjunctiveAdverbs

Youcanuseaconjunctiveadverbtojointwoclausestogether.Someofthemostcommonconjunctiveadverbsare"also,""consequently,""finally,""furthermore,""hence,""however,""incidentally,""indeed,""instead,""likewise,""meanwhile,""nevertheless,""next,""nonetheless,""otherwise,""still,""then,""therefore,"and"thus."Aconjunctiveadverbisnotstrongenoughtojointwoindependentclauseswithouttheaidofasemicolon.

Thehighlightedwordsinthefollowingsentencesareconjunctiveadverbs:

Thegovernmenthascutuniversitybudgets;consequently,classsizeshavebeenincreased.

Hedidnothavealltheingredientstherecipecalledfor;therefore,hedecidedtomakesomethingelse.

Thereportrecommendedseveralchangestothewaysthecorporationaccountedfordonations;furthermore,itsuggestedthatanewauditorbeappointedimmediately.

Thecrowdwaitedpatientlyforthreehours;finally,thedoorstothestadiumwereopened.

BatmanandRobinfruitlesslysearchedthebuilding;indeed,theJokerhadescapedthroughasecretdoorinthebasement.

TESTS:

TESTIONADJECTIVEVS.ADVERB

Decidewhethertousetheadjectiveoradverb:

1.'Havetheyarrived_______________（safe）?

'theirmotherasked_____________（anxious）.

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2.'Howdoyoufeeltoday?

''Ihopeas___________（good）asyoudidyesterday.

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3.Whensheheardthatherhusbandhadnotbeen__________________（serious）injured,shelooked_______________（relieved）.

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4.Itmaybetrue,butIfindit_________________（hard）tobelieve.

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5.'What'swrongwithyou?

Youlook_______________'（unhappy）.

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6.Waiter,thisfishsmells________________（bad）.

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7.Thethieflooked________________（nervous）roundthecorner.

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8.Iwas_____________（deep）shockedtohearaboutyour________________（terrible）accident.

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9.Thiscomputerprogrammeis____________（easy）.Youcan__________（easy）workwithit.

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10.Don'teatyourfoodso_______________（quick）.

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Readthetextandchooseeitheradjectiveoradverbastothewordsinbrackets:

Intheearly1980sthesecretaryforEducationasked15teachersfrom_______________（1different）partsofBritaintowatchTV__________________（2regular）forafewweeks.HewantedthemtocommentonthepictureofadultlifethatschoolchildrenmightgetfromTV,becausesomeresearchhadshownthatyoungpeoplebetweenfiveandfourteenspentanaverageof________________（3rough）23hoursaweekwatchingTV-moretimethantheyspentinclass.

Theteacherswatchedavarietyofprogrammes________________（4general）shownafter5.45pm,whenmostchildrenareathomefromschool,andbefore10.30pm.Thentheydiscussedtheseprogrammeswiththeirownpupilsand_________________（5final）theypublishedtheirreportPopularTV&Schoolchildren.