自然地理专业英语教案.docx
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自然地理专业英语教案.docx
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自然地理专业英语教案
Lesson1
WORDS
1.sleetn.冻雨,雨夹雪
2.dependvi.依赖,取决于
3.hailn.雹
4.formvt.,vi.形成
5.lowa.低的
6.temperaturen.温度
7.moleculen.分子
8.clingvi.粘着
9.dropletn.小水滴
10.dustn.灰尘
11.particlen.粒子,微粒
12.nucleusn.核,原子核
13.dewn.露水
14.crystaln.晶体
15.condensationn.冷凝,凝结
16.rapida.快的
17.moisturen.湿气,水分
18.freezevi.结冰
19.raindropn.雨点
20.insteadad.代替,替换
21.snowflaken.雪片
22.shapen.形状
23.flaken.薄片
24.hexagonala.六角形的
25.lensn.透镜
26.strikevt.,vi.打击击中,撞
27.thunderstormn.雷雨
28.swifta.迅速的
29.currentn.气流,潮流
30.tossvt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸
31.acquirevt.取得,获得
32.hailstonen.冰雹
33.stickvi.粘住
34.theoryn.理论
35.explainvt.说明,解释,阐明
PHRASESANDEXPRESSIONS
Themorethemore越…越…
Sothat如此…以致…
Takeplace发生
Assoonas一…就…
Highabove大大高于
Wellbelow远远低于
Takeon呈现
Abitof一点
Amassof一块
Startout出发,着手进行
layerof一层
TEXT
RAIN,SNOW,SLEET,ANDHAIL
Theformingofraininaclouddependsupontemperature.Thelowerthetemperature,themorethemoleculesofwatervaporinthecloudclingtogether.Thentheyformdropletsofwater.Usuallydropletsformarounddustorotherparticlesintheairwhenthedewpointisreached.Ificecrystalsareinthecloud,evenmoredropletsmayform.
Inclouds,condensationmaybesorapidthatmillionsofdropletsofwaterareformed.Asthesedropletscollectmoremoleculesandthereforebecomeheavier,theirweightmakesthemfalltotheearth.Ifthetemperatureoftheairisabovefreezingthedropswillfallasrain.
Whentheairhighabovetheearthiswellbelowfreezing,themoistureintheairdoesnotformraindrops.Instead,itformssnow.Snowflakestakeonmanyinterestingshapes.Theyseemtobeformedaroundacenter.Snowismadeupofmillionsoftheseflakes,eachabitofwatervaporthatinfreezingtemperatureswaschangedintoaflakeofsnow.
Snowflakesarereallycrystals;theyarewatermoleculesgroupedinahexagonalpattern.Itisinterestingtostudysnowflakecrystalsunderahandlens.
Sometimesdropletsofwaterstartoutasrainandchangeintoanotherformontheirwaytotheearth.Theraindropsmaystartdownwardthroughalayerofwarmairandthenstrikeamassofcoldair,whereeachraindropfreezes.Thesefrozenraindropsfalltotheearthassleet;skeetusfrozenrain.
Sometimesstillanotherchangemaytakeplaceindropsofrain.Duringathunderstorm,swiftupwardcurrentsofairusuallycarryraindropswiththem.Astheairgrowscolder,theseraindropsmayformlittleballsofice.Inamassofwarmair,theymaygetacoatingofmoisture,whichfreezesassoonastheyaretossedupagainintoacoldermassofair.Upanddowntheyarecarried,acquiringmoreandmorelayersofice.Thisgoesonuntiltheballsoficebecomeheavyenoughtofalltotheearthashailstones.Ifyoucutahailstoneintwo,youcanseethelayersofice.
Somescientiststhinkthathailstonesareformedinadifferentway.Ahailstonenucleus,atinydropletofwaterthatisfrozen,mayformhighintheatmosphere.Asitfallsthroughacloud,itmeetscoldwaterdropletsandsnowflakeswhichsticktothisnucleus.Thehailstonemaymeetmanyofthesedropletsandsnowflakesbeforeitfallsfromthecloudtotheearth.Asthedropletsofwatersticktothehailstone,theyaddaclearlayerofice.Assnowflakessticktoit,theyformacloudylayer.Thistheoryexplainswhyclearandcloudylayersarefoundinsidethehailstonewhenitiscutopen.
EXERCISES
I.Completethefollowingsentenceswithnounsformedfromtheverbsgiveninbrackets.
1.The_ofraindependsonthe_andthe_oftinydropletsofwatervapourinthecloud.(form/condense/combine)
2.Whenthedropletsareheavyenoughtofall,_cantakeplace.(precipitate)
3.The_and_ofwatercanbeobservedineverydaylife.(evaporate/condense)
4.The_oficetowaterandwatertowatervapourbyheatingisagood_ofthechangeofstateofmatter.(convert/illustrate)
5.The100equal_aremadeafterthe_by_oftheboilingpointofwaterandthemeltingpointofice.(divide/determine/observe)
6.Thebest_ofwhattakesplaceisthe_ofgoodexamples.(explain/provide)
7.Alakewhichisusedforwater_issometimeshighenoughforthe_of_bygravitytotransportthewateralongthepipestothehousesbelow.(store/exert/press)
8.Inscience,theCentigradethermometerisusedforthe_oftemperature.(measure)
II.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedoninformationfoundinthetext.
1.Howisrainformed?
2.Whendoesthemoistureintheairfromsnow?
3.Whatissnowmadeupof?
4.Whatisthedifferencebetweenrainandsleet?
5.Whyareclearandcloudylayersfoundinsideahailstonewhenitiscutopen?
III.GivetheEnglishequivalentsofthefollowingexpressions.
1.取决于温度
2.使雨点落到地面
3.呈不同形状
4.冷到足以形成小冰珠
5.切成两半
IV.Explainthedifferentusesoftheword“form”inthefollowingsentences:
1.Theformingofrainisdiscussedinthetext.
2.Themoleculesofwatervaporformdroplets.
3.Ificecrystalsareinthecloud,evenmoredropletsmayform.
4.Sometimesdropletsofwaterstartoutasrainandchangeintoanotherformontheirwaytotheearth.
5.Somescientiststhinkthathailstonesareformedinadifferentway.
6.Themoleculesifwatervaporcometogether,formingdropletsofwater.
V.Replaceeachdash_withtheproperformoftheverb“freeze”.
1.Whentheairiswellbelow_,themoistureintheairformssnow.
2.In_temperatureswatervaporwillbechangedintosnowflakes.
3.Inamassofcoldaireachraindrop_.
4.Sleetis_rain.
5.Ahailstonenucleusisatinydropletofwaterwhichis_.
VI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.
1.水滴开始在空气中形成时的温度叫露点.
2.空气越热,它能容纳的水分越多.
3.雾是靠近地面的云.
4.地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷.
5.当含有水分的空气接触到寒冷的地面时,水汽开始从空气中跑出来并以水滴的形式聚集在它所接触到的任何东西上面.
6.没有雨,就不能有植物,没有植物,也就没有动物.
XII.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.
Insomeregions,particularlythedryones,thereiswatervaporintheair,buttheconditionsmayseldomberightforthisvaportocondenseandfallasrainorsnow.Rain,snow,hail,dew,andareknownasprecipitation.Evenwhererainfallisusuallymoderate,thereisattimesalackofrain.Adroughtmayleadtoseriouswatershortages,asitdidinNewYorkCityin1949and1950andagainin1963to1966.
Inthesummerof1949,NewYorkCity’sreservoirsweredowntoonethirdofwhattheynormallyheld.Severalbilliongallonsofwaterwerebeingusedeachday.Soseriouswasthewatershortagethatpeoplewereaskedtohaveonebathless,shaveless,andwashlessdayaweek.Carswentunwashed,lawnsandparksunsprinkled.Evenaglassofwaterwasnotservedinrestaurantsunlessaskedfor.
LessonTwo
NEWWORDS
1.mineraln.矿物
2.propertyn.性质,特性
3.nakeda.裸露的
4.detailn.详情
5.revealvt.暴露
6.magnifyvt.放大
7.magnificationn.放大率
8.hangvt.,vi.悬挂,吊
9.particularlyad.特别,格外
10.distinguishvt.区别,辨认,把…区别分类
11.definevt.规定,下定义
12.uniquea.唯一的,独特的
13.grainn.颗粒
14.quartzn.石英
15.qualityn.质量
plexa.复杂的,复合的
17.mixturen.混合物
18.varyvi.变化,不同
19.precisea.精确的
20.garnetn.柘榴石
positionn.构成组成
22.varietyn.多种,异种种类
23.rangen.范围,领域
24.proportionn.比例
25.hencead.因此
26.immensea.无限的,广大的
27.bewildervt.使为难,使手足无措
28.arrayn.排列
29.classifyvt.分类
30.sortvt.(out)分类,划分
31.majora.较重要的,主要的
32.divisionn.分类,划分
33.dividevt.(into)划分,把…分成为…
34.igneousa.火成的
35.sedimentarya.沉淀的,沉积的
36.metamorphica.变形的,变质的
37.kingdomn.领域王国,界
38.distinctivea.特殊的,有特色的
39.earmarkn.记号
40.remarkablea.值得注意的,显著的
41.accuratea.精确的
42.dozenn.一打,若干,许许多多
43.simplificationn.简单化,单一化
44.rarea.稀少的,少见的
45.unusuala.不平常的,少见的
46.subspeciesn.亚种
47.recognizevt.承认,认出
48.sophisticaten.世故的人
49.gleanvt.苦心搜集,选集
50.explanationn.解释
51.professionala.职业的,本职的
52.petrologistn.岩石学家
53.mineralogyn.矿物学
PHRASESANDEXPRESSIONS
Forexample例如
Becauseof由于,因为
Regardlessof不管,不顾
(to)befacedwith…面对着…,面临
(to)makeorder整理
despiteof不管,任凭
evenif即使
either…or…或…或…
ontheonehand…ontheotherhand…一方面…另一方面…
TEXT
ROCKSAREMADEUPOFMINERALS
Mostofarock’spropertiesareeasilyseenwiththenakedeye,thoughthedetailsarebetterrevealedwithalow-powermagnifyingglass(magnificationof5×to10×)—thehandlensthatfieldgeologistsusuallyhavehangingaroundtheirnecks.
Fromthecharacteristicsshow,particularlythephysicalandchemicalpropertieswecandistinguishseveralthousandminerals,eachdefinedbyitsuniquesetofproperties.Thusallgrainsorcrystalsofquartzhavejustaboutthesamequalities,regardlessofthekindofrockinwhichtheyarefound.Someminerals,particularlythosethathaveamorecomplexmixtureofatoms,varyslightlyintheirproperties,dependingontheirprecisecomposition.Aminerallikegarnet,forexample,hasanumberofvarieties,eachwithitsownrangeofcomposition,suchastheproportionsofironandotherelements,andhence,properties.
Rocksarenotasuniquelydefinedbytheirpropertiesasmineralsare.Becauseoftheimmensenumberofwaysinwhichthethousandsofmineralscanbecombined,thegeologistisfacedwithabewilderingarrayofrocktypes.Theonlywayforustomakeorderoutofthisarrayistoclassifylikewithlikeandtosortoutbygeneraltype.Themajordivisionofrocksintoigneous,sedimentary,andmetamorphicisjustsuchanaid.Withineachmajordivisiontherearemanygroupsandtypes.Usingcharacteristicproperties,wecandividetherockkingdomintoseveralhundredgeneraltypes,eachwithitsownmoreorlessdistinctiveearmarks.
Despiteallofthesenumbers,itisremarkablehowmuchcanbedoneevenifonlyasmallnumberofthemostcommonmineralsandrocksareknown.Inmostpartsoftheworldafieldgeologistcanmakeanaccurategeologicmapbyknowingonlyafewdozenmajormineralsandevenfewercommonro
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