修辞.docx
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修辞.docx
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修辞
Alliteration头韵
Definition
Itistheclose-orderrepetitionofinitialconsonantsinaseriesofwords.
Function
Inregularwritingandspeech,alliterationprovidesemphasis,andsometimesaidsinmemorybecauseitiscatchyandperhapshumorous.
Inpoetry,sometimesitaddstothespokenformofapoemaswell(manypoetsconsiderthespokenformofapoempartoftheart)
1.Alliterationinproverb
Speechissilver,butsilenceisgolden.
沉默是金,言语是银
Theuseofalliterationmakestheproverbcatchy.
2Alliterationinadvertisement
YouwillgonutsforthenutsyougetinNux.
Togonuts是一句成语意思是“发疯,疯狂”
ThissentenceemphasizeNuxissotastythatyoucan'trfuseit.
3.Alliterationinpoem
Thefairbreezeblew,
thewhitefoamflew;
Thefurrowfollowedfree,
Wewerethefirstthateverburst,
Intothatsilentsea.
其中轻柔的辅音/f/巧妙地模仿了柔风轻涛的声响,创造了一种宁静的意境最后两个辅音/s/犹如和风吹过海面发出的咝咝声。
诗人把音律和意境巧妙结合起来的高超技艺可谓炉火纯青精妙绝伦
4.Alliterationinspeech
Weshouldnotdemeanourdemocracywiththepoliticsofdistraction,denialanddespair.
Thealliterationexpressesthespeaker'sstrongemotionanditcanprovideemphasis.
5.Innewsheadline
Magnetic,MagnificentMeril
Itmakestheheadlinemorehumorousandcatchy.
Assonance元韵
Definition
Itreferstotherepetitionofinternalvowelsound.Itistherepetitionofsimilarvowelsounds.
Function
Assonancenotonlycontributestothemusicalqualityoftheliterarytextbutalsotoitsmeaning.
Mostassonancesfunctiontounitesentences,ideas,andwordsthatareassociated.
Floatingdown,thesoundresoundsaroundtheicywatersunderground.(PinkFloyd)
FleetfeetsweepbysleepingGreeks.
TheraininSpainstaysmainlyinthepain.
Consonance辅韵
Definition
recurrenceorrepetitionofconsonantsoundsespeciallyattheendofstressedsyllableswithoutthesimilarcorrespondenceofvowels
FarmsnotArms
Strongreasonsmakestrongactions.
Theconsonancemakesthesentencemorecatchy.
Pun双关
Definition:
Afigureofspeechdependinguponasimilarityofsoundandadisparityofmeaning
Whendoesthebakerfollowhistrade?
Wheneverhekneadsthedough.
这个幽默利用need(需要)和knead(揉面)这一对同音异义词,并配上dough一词的多义性(既作“生面”又作“钱”解),形成两个双关幽默。
此例是利用词的同音形成双关。
Judge:
Whatmakesyouthinkyoucouldparkyourcarthere?
Tourist:
Well,therewasabigsignthatread
:
Fineforparking.
英语单词fine既有“好”的意思,也可表示“罚款”。
Repetition重复
Definition
apowerfulrhetoricaldevicewhichcreatesgoodrhythmandparallelismtomakethelanguagemusical,emphatic,attractiveandmemorable.
Wordrepetitionservesfollowingpurposes:
Toknitideastogether
Toemphasizeanidea
Togenerateemotionalforce
Immediaterepetition
repeatingwithoutintervals.
Happy,happypair
Nonebutthebrave
Nonebutthebrave
Nonebutthebravedeservesthefair.(Dryden)
Itisoftenusedforemphasis,butit'salsousedtoexpressvariousemotions.
Lear:
Andmypoorfoolishang’d.No,no,nolife!
Whyshouldadog,ahorse,arathavelife,andthounobreathatall?
Thou’ltcomenomore.Never,never,never,never,never!
(Shakespeare:
KingLear)
Therepetitionisusedtoexpressthestrongdespairoftherole.Byusingthewordsnoamdneverrepeadly,thereadercanknowtherole'sfeelingclearly.
Intermittentrepetition
therepeatedpartsareseparatedbywords,phrasesorsentences.
Weshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.(JohnFitzgeraldKennedy)
Therepetitionshowsthespeaker'swishestothefuture.
Anaphora首语重复
Definition
Figureofrepetitionthatoccurswhenthefirstwordorsetofwordsinonesentence,clause,orphraseis/arerepeatedatthebeginningofsuccessivesentences,clauses,orphrases;repetitionoftheinitialword(s)oversuccessivephrasesorclauses.
"WhatweneedintheUnitedStatesisnotdivision.
WhatweneedintheUnitedStatesisnothatred.
WhatweneedintheUnitedStatesisnotviolenceandlawlessness;butisloveandwisdomandcompassiontowardoneanother,andafeelingofjusticetowardthosewhostillsufferwithinourcountrywhethertheybewhiteorwhethertheybeblack."
--RobertF.Kennedy,AnnouncingthedeathofMartinLutherKing
ItshowswhattheyreallyneedinUS,andexpresseshiswishes.
"Yesterday,theJapanesegovernmentalsolaunchedanattackagainstMalaya.Lastnight,JapaneseforcesattackedHongKong.Lastnight,JapaneseforcesattackedGuam.Lastnight,JapaneseforcesattackedthePhilippineIslands.Lastnight,theJapaneseattackedWakeIsland.Andthismorning,theJapaneseattackedMidwayIsland."
Itemphasizeswhathappenedlastnightandexpressesthespeaker'sgreatsorrow,anditwilltouchedthelistener,whichwillhelpthespeakerachievehisaimeasily.
Epiphora尾语重复
Definition
Arhetoricaltermfortherepetitionofawordorphraseattheendofsuccessiveclauses.
Ifhewishestofloatintofairyland,hereadsabook;
ifhewishestodashintothethickofbattle,hereadsabook;
ifhewishestosoarintoheaven,hereadsabook.
Parallelism并列
Definition
Parallelismmeansthattwoormoreideasareexpressedbysimilargrammaticalforms.
1.Parallelwords
Hisfriendwaswitty,intelligentandexperienced.
2.ParallelPhrases
Towalkintherainandtosmellbreadbakingaretwoofmygreatestpleasure.
3.ParallelClauses
Whatwesayandwhatwedosomehowseemoutofpoint.
4.ParalleSentences
Icame;Isaw;Iconquered.
Wecountedourlosses;
wecaredforourwoundded;
andweadvancedonceagain.
Allusion典故
Definition
acasualbriefandimplicitreferencetoafamoushistoricalorliteraryfigureorawell-knownhistoricalevent,whichthewriterassumestobefamiliartohisreaders.
Function
Allusioncanbewonderfullyattractiveinourwritingorspeakingbecauseitcanpleasethereaderbyremindinghimofapertinentstoryorfigure,andthuscanenrichtheworkorspeechbyassociationandgiveitdepth.
Examples
Meetone’sWaterloo
WaterloowasthescenewhenNapoleonwastotallydefeatedbyDukeWellington.
IfsomeonemeethisWaterloo,itmeanshesuffersadecisiveorfinaldefeatorsetback.
Byusingthephrase,onecanshowpeople'sfailureinanindirectwaywhilethereadercanunderstandit,whichwillattractpeople.
Allusionsmaybeemployedinformsofwords,phrasesorsentences.
Informofwords
Utopia
UtopiawaswrittenbyThomasMore,whichdescribedindetailanidealcommunistsociety,Utopia.Soitmeansanidealplace.
Informofphrases
Nounphrase:
awolfinsheep'sclothing
anenemyposingasafriend
Verbphrase:
bellingthecat
tohangthebellaboutthecat'sneck
todost.dangerous
Prepositionalphrase:
underthenose
Somethingthatiseasytofindisnotbeseen.
Informofsentences
Examples
Caesar'swifemustbeabovesuspicion.
(TheancientRomanJuliusCaesarissupposedtohavesaidthiswhenaskedwhyhedivorcedhiswife,Pompeia.Becauseshewassuspectedofsomewrongdoing,hecouldnotassociatewithheranymore.)
Thepeoplewhogetalongwiththosefamouspeoplearen'tallowedtohaveabadreputation.
Allusionsgenerallyresultfromfairytales,myths,legendsandfables,theBible,famousliteraryworks,historicalfiguresorevents.
1.Fairytales,Myths,LegendsandFables
1)Fairytales
Examples
Bluebeard:
someonewhomarriesandthenmurdershiswife
apersonwhomurdershiswifeformoney
Theuglyduckling:
theuglyduckingsgrowsintoabeautiful
swanaplainunpromisingchildgrouchintoabeautiful,handsomeperson
2)Greekmythology
Examples
Oedipus:
Oedipus,withoutknowingit,killedhis
fatherandmarriedhismother.
Ason'spsychologicalattachmentto
hismotherandjealouslyoffather.
Pandora'sbox:
PandorawasgivenaboxbyZeus,andtold
nevertoopenit.Outofcuriosity,shedid,andalltheevilsflewoutofthetroubletheearth.Onlyhoperemindinside.
Asourceofcountlesstroubles,onceopened.
3)Fables
Examples
Theboywhocriedwolf:
theboycriedwolfinfunsooftenthatwhenwolfreallycame,noonebotheredtogotohishelp
Lyingtopeopleleadtothebadeffectthatothers'distrustyou.
Ifthereisawar,youcannotjustburyyourheadinthesand.
refusetoseeorfacesomething
Usingthephrasemakesthesentencemoreattractiveandpowerful.
2.TheBible
1)FromtheOldTestament
TheTowerofBible:
wherepeoplespokeindifferenttonguesandcouldnotunderstandeachother
2)FromtheNewTestnent:
TheMagi:
threewisemenwhowenttoworshipthenewly-bornChristatBethlehem
3)FromChrist'sParables:
Thelostsheep:
Onewhohasstrayedfromthefaith.
Example
Ifwetrytoimplementtheseharebrained(轻率的)ideas(thatEnglishshouldbereplacedbyHindiandthe15recognizedstatelanguages),IndiawillbecomeaTowerofBabel.
Ifweinsistontheseideas,Indiawillhavegreatproblemsoncommunication.
Theallusion,aTowerofBible,showstheseriousinfluence.Anditenrichesthepaper.
3.EnglishandAmericanLiteraryWorks
Examples
RomeoandJuliet:
apairoftragicyounglovers
ManFriday:
afaithfulservant
Hamlet:
amanwhofindithardtodecideandtoact
Theirbosspaysthehighestwages,buthewantshispoundoffleshinreturnandmakesthemworkveryhard.
toinsistcruellyonrepaymentofwhatwasborrowed
出自小说威尼斯商人
Youwantyourpoundofflesh,don'tyou?
Hyperbole夸张
Definition
Hyperboleisafigureofspeechwhichisanexaggeration,anextremewayofsayingsomething.
Function
hyperboleisgenerallyusedforthepurposeofemphasisorforhumor.Awriterwhowantstomakeaparticularpointmaymakethatpointbyoverstatingorexaggeratingit.Hyperbolecanbeusedindescriptionstoemp
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