启航英语阅读基础讲义.docx
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启航英语阅读基础讲义.docx
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启航英语阅读基础讲义
Mr.Yellow寄语2011年全国考研学子:
毋庸置疑,阅读是考研英语中最为重要的组成部分,这不仅仅是因为阅读占了总分数的“半壁江山”,而且还在于阅读从根本上决定着我们考研英语的成败,因此,“考研成败在于英语,英语成败在于阅读,阅读成败在于方法”。
得阅读者得天下。
考研阅读文章不仅难,而且选项更具迷惑性,所以从考研准备阶段一开始就需要我们去认真对待阅读,先打好句子分析这一关,然后重点掌握排除错误选项的技巧。
阅读理解15大原则
考研阅读共四篇文章,大约1600字,是国内英语考试中最难的考试。
这些文章时效性强,选自的杂志有TheEconomist,Newsweek,ScientificAmericans,Time等,09年的阅读还选了一篇来自网络的文章。
这些文章一般都会经过命题专家的删改后成为测试时所用的文章,因此希望广大同学都阅读一些时效性强的英文报刊文章。
关于考研英语阅读理解的复习,我们应当掌握的最基本的应试方法就是命题专家的出题思路和原则,考生应利用信号关键词来进行定位,然后到四个选项中找到最佳重叠原文意思的选项。
考生在判断选项是否能重叠原文时,常常会感到迷惑,无法判断选项是否与原文内容完全重叠,这是因为在设计考题时常用一些语言点来迷惑考生。
一般说来,命题专家最常用的有四种方式:
“语言简化”、“同义转化”、“反话正说”和“正话反说”。
“语言简化”就是在设置选项时,四个选项的长度及句法不应有太大差异,而选项所使用的语言难度必须低于文章本身的难度。
“同义转化”是出现最频繁的命题方式,几乎每年都有一些用这种方式设置的题目。
一.同义替换原则
Passage1
This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays:
foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeencontinuouslyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorresponding(相应的)change.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress(压力).
1.Futuristsclaimthatwemust.
[A]increasetheproductionofliterature
[B]usepoetrytorelievemodernstress
[C]developnewmodesofexpression
[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs
Passage2
WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexit(辞职)byclaiming"Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily".(2001年第67题)
2.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothisparagraph?
[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.
[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.
[C]"Alateralmove"meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.
[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.
Passage3
Duringthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Germany,alongwithotherEuropeannations,experiencedanunprecedented(史无前例的)rashofworkplacedeathsandaccidentsasaresultofgrowingindustrialization.MotivatedinpartbyChristiancompassion(怜悯)forthehelplessaswellasapracticalpoliticalimpulsetoundercutthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement.ChancellorBismarckcreatedtheworld'sfirstworkers'compensationlawin1884.
3.Theworld'sfirstworkers'compensationlawwasintroducedbyBismarck.
[A]forfearoflosingthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement
[B]outof(出于)religiousandpoliticalconsiderations
[C]tospeedupthepaceofindustrialization
[D]tomakeindustrialproductionsafer
4.WelearnfromthepassagethattheprocessofindustrializationinEurope_____.
[A]metgrowingresistancefromlaborersworkingatmachines
[B]resultedinthedevelopmentofpopularsocialinsuranceprograms
[C]wasaccompaniedbyanincreasednumberofworkshopaccidents
[D]requiredworkerstobeawareofthepotentialdangersattheworkplace
Passage4
TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.
Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.
Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.(2002年第56,57题)
5.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.
[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain.
[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.
[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide.
[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide.
6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?
[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.
[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.
[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.
[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.
Passage5
Theresearchersstudiedthebehavioroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.deWaal'sstudy.(05年23题)
7.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare.
[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.
[B]attentivetoresearchers'instructions.
[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.
[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions
二.思维角度转换原则
思维角度转换包括正话反说和反话正说。
“反话正说”的命题方式是指文中用否定方式,选项用肯定的方式。
即所谓的否定形式表达肯定意思。
Passage6
Howthingshavechanged!
In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride."Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,"accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment,"ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas"agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates."
8.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe____.(00)
[A]turningofthebusinesscycle
[B]restructuringofindustry
[C]improvedbusinessmanagement
[D]successineducation
Passage7
Thestrange,almostincomprehensiblefactisthatmanyprofessors,justastheyfeelobligedtowritedully,believethattheyshouldlecturedully.Toshowenthusiasmistoriskappearingunscientific,un-objective,itistoappealtothestudents'emotionsratherthantheirintellect.Thustheideallectureisonefilledwithfactsandreadinanunchangedmonotone.
9.Themajorityofuniversityprofessorspreferthetraditionalwayoflecturinginthebeliefthat_____.
[A]itdrawsthecloseattentionofthestudents
[B]itconformsinawaytothedesignoftheCreator
[C]itpresentscoursecontentinascientificandobjectivemanner
[D]ithelpsstudentstocomprehendabstracttheoriesmoreeasily
Exercises:
10.Theyarenowhereclosetoachievinganything.
11.Heisnomorefittobeapresidentthanaschoolboywouldbe.
12.Awhaleisnolessamammalthanahorseis.
13.Idon’tsomuchlovehimassympathizewithhim.
14.Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.
15.Theynevermeetwithoutquarreling.
16.Nobodysoughthisaidbutwerehelped.
17.Itneverrainsbutitpours.
18.Thepotentialbenefitofexercisescan’tbeoverestimated.
19.Hardlyadaygoesbywithoutmissingmymother.
另外一种常用的命题方式“正话反说”,是指原文用肯定方式表述,而选项用否定方式表述,两者意义相吻合。
Passage8
Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?
Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'thaveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddried(简洁的)reportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.(99年阅读)
20.Theauthorassertsthatscientists.
[A]shouldn'treplace“scientificmethod”withimaginativethought
[B]shouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings
[C]shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals
[D]shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings
Passage9
Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.(9905)
21.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch______.
[A]maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected
[B]canbemeasuredindollarsandcents
[C]relyonconformitytoastandardpattern(取决于对标准模式的遵守)
[D]aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement
Exercises:
22.DonavanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.
23.Wecouldn’thavegonetothebeachonabetterday.
24.Itsresultsfellshortofmyexpectations.
25.ThisisthelastthingIwanttodo.
26.Youranswerisfarfrommysatisfaction.
27.Heisanythingbutanartist.
28.It’soutofthequestion/outofquestion.
29.ThisismorethanIcanchew./It’sbeyond/aboveme.我解决不了。
30.Heisgrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.
31.Youshouldhaveknownbetterthantotakemywordsseriously.
三.主题原则
主旨题题干的信号词为:
besttitle/mainidea/mostlikelytoagree/conclusion/
Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationan
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