中美文化差异小论文中英.docx
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中美文化差异小论文中英.docx
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中美文化差异小论文中英
‘;ThedifferencesbetweenAnericanandChinaineducationandvalue
ByDinglan(15070121)
Abstract:
Keywords:
Valuesarethecoreintheinterculturalcommunication.Valuesareintangible.Peoplespeakofthesamevaluesinmarriagebutseldomexpresswhattheirvaluesare.ThewordvaluecomesfromtheLatinvalere,whichmeans“tobeworth”.Valuestelluswhatisgood,whatisbad,whatisright,whatiswrong,whatistrue,whatisfalseandhowwewillbehaveandevaluatebehavior.Valuesaretaughtathome,oftenunconsciously,andreinforcedbysociety.Sowecansaythatvaluesaregenerallyculturallydetermined.Whenvaluesareonceformed,theywillinstructpeoplebehaviors,attitude,andfaith.Peopleofdifferentcultures,whilehavinghesamefundamentalneeds,likeeatingandsleeping,mayhavenotonlyquitedifferentwantslikesocialandpsychologicalbutalsoquitedifferentwaysofperceivingtheirneeds.Bothareconvincedoftherightnessoftheirways,becausetheyarebehavinginstinctively,naturallyandproperlyaccordingtotheirculturallogic.Thereisapotentialforconflictbecausewhatisnaturalforoneisnotalwaysnaturalfortheother.Theirdivergenceisfurthercomplicatedbythefactthatmanyoftheirbehaviorpatternsarebasedonunconsciousvaluesandculturalassumptionsabouthowlifeshouldbelived
2.1.1DifferencesinCulturalPatterns
Culture
is
a
critical
issue
in
intercultural
communication.
We
have
to
do
the
cultural
comparisonwhenweareengagingintheinterculturalcommunicationstudy.
Chinesecultureis
a
typicalEasternculture.Thereare
variousdefinitionson„culture‟bothat
homeandabroad.Larry,
Richard,andLisaintheirbook
CommunicationbetweenCultures
givetheirdefinition:
“Wedefine
culture
as
the
deposit
of
knowledge,
experience,
beliefs,
values,
actions,
attitudes,
meanings,
hierarchies,religion,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifacts
acquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseof
generationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving”
(Larry
A.
Samovar,
Richard
E.
Porter,
and
Lisa
A
Stefani.
2000).
In
the
book
of
Introducing
CulturalStudies
Baldwinandthecoauthorspresenttheirdefinitiononculture:
“Outsidethenatural
sciences,theterm„culture‟ischieflyusedinthreerelativelydistinctsensestoreferto:
thearts
and
artisticactivity;thelearned,primarilysymbolicfeaturesofaparticularwayoflife;andaprocessof
development
”
(ElaineBaldwin,BrianLonghurst,GregSmith,ScottMccracken,andMilesOgborn.
2005).Culturesareextremelycomplexandconsistofnumerousinterrelatedculturalorientations,
includingvalues,knowledge,experience,attitudes,norms,andmaterialaspects.
Culturalpatternsareatermthathelpsustotalkabouttheseorientationscollectively.Ithelps
us
to
understand
a
society
culture
on
the
whole
and
enables
us
to
make
comparisions
between
differentcultures.Peopleindifferentpartsoftheworld,especiallythoseintheEastandthoseinthe
West
do
differ
profoundly
in
their
cultural
patterns
because
they
have
different
culture,
social
customs,economy,language,geography,etc.
2.1.1.1IndividualismversusCollectivism
Individualism
is
the
most
important
value
orientation
in
the
West.
Broadly
speaking,
individualism
refers
to
the
doctrine,
spelled
out
in
detail
by
the
seventeenth-century
English
philosopherJohnLocke,thateachindividualisunique,special,completelydifferentfromallother
individuals,andthebasicunitofnature.Americanpeopleadvocateindividualism,theybelievethat
everyone
is
unique;
they
have
the
right
to
pursuit
freedom
and
happniess.
In
a
group,
American
peoplewillpaygreatattentiontothespiritofteamwork,buttheystillneedtomaintainthemselves
asaseparateindividualandatthesametimecontainotherpeople
‟
sdifferences.Loveisakindof
extremely
romantic
thing,
American
people
have
the
courage
to
pursuit
their
own
happniess
but
they
will
not
give
up
their
own
independent
personality
and
other
pursuits
just
because
of
love.
Marriage
is
usually
referring
to
two
person,
husband
and
wife,
and
has
nothing
to
do
with
other
peopleliketheirrelativesandfriends.Americanpeoplewillnotgiveuptheindependenceoflove
foracertaingroup,suchasafamily.
Collectivismischaracterizedbyasocialframeworkthatdistinguishesbetweenin-groupsand
out-groups.
People
count
on
their
in-group
such
as
families,
relatives
or
affiliations
to
look
after
them,
and
they
believe
they
owe
loyalty
to
the
group.
H.C.Triandis
gives
us
a
summary
of
this
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