新编简明英语语言学教程第二版 练习题 参考答案.docx
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新编简明英语语言学教程第二版 练习题 参考答案.docx
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新编简明英语语言学教程第二版练习题参考答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案
Chapter1Introduction
1.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage。
答:
Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure。
Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,thelinguistshastocollectandobservelanguagefactsfirst,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure。
Thehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity。
Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation,thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings。
2.Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?
Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?
答:
Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsare:
(1)phonetics:
itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication;
(2)phonology:
itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication;
(3)morphology:
itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords;
(4)syntax:
itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages;
(5)semantics:
itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage;
(6)pragmatics:
itstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse。
3.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?
答:
Thegeneralapproachthustraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguageovertheyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways。
Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.
Second,modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten。
Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendedtoemphasize,maybeover—emphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofitspermanence。
Then,modemlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin—basedframework。
4。
Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?
Why?
答:
Inmodemlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoveradiachronicone。
Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfullystudied,itwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.
5.Forwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgiveprioritytospeechratherthantowriting?
答:
Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageforsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting。
Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises。
Evenintoday’sworldtherearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnotwritten。
Thenineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed。
Andalso,speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.Formodernlinguists,spokenlanguagerevealsmanytruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech。
Thustheirdataforinvestigationandanalysisaremostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardasauthentic。
6.HowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?
答:
Saussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
7.Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?
答:
Firstofall,languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.
Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.
Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound。
Fourth,languageishuman-specific,i.e。
,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess。
8。
WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?
答:
Themainfeaturesofhumanlanguagearetermeddesignfeatures。
Theyinclude:
1)Arbitrariness
Languageisarbitrary。
Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages。
2)Productivity
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers。
Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.
3)Duality
Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem。
4)Displacement
Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces。
Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means。
5)Culturaltransmission
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.,wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned。
9.Whatarethemajorfunctionsoflanguage?
Thinkofyourownexamplesforillustration。
答:
Threemainfunctionsareoftenrecognizedoflanguage:
thedescriptivefunction,theexpressivefunction,andthesocialfunction。
Thedescriptivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified。
Forexample:
“Chinaisalargecountrywithalonghistory。
”
Theexpressivefunctionsuppliesinformationabouttheuser'sfeelings,preferences,prejudices,andvalues.Forexample:
“Iwillnevergowindow—shoppingwithher.”
Thesocialfunctionservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople..Forexample:
“Weareyourfirmsupporters。
”
Chapter2SpeechSounds
1。
Whatarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication?
Ofthetwo,whichoneisprimaryandwhy?
答:
Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.
Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismoreprimarythanwriting,forreasons,pleaserefertotheanswertothefifthprobleminthelastchapter.
2.Whatisvoicingandhowisitcaused?
答:
VoicingisaqualityofspeechsoundsandafeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonantsinEnglish.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords。
3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscriptiondiffer?
答:
Thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscription.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes。
Thelatter,i。
e.thetranscriptionwithletter—symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscallednarrowtranscription.Thisisthetranscriptionneededandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.Withthehelpofthediacriticstheycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitisnecessaryfortheirpurpose.
Inbroadtranscription,thesymbol[l]isusedforthesounds[l]inthefourwordsleaf[li:
f],feel[fi:
l],build[bild],andhealth[helθ].Asamatteroffact,thesound[l]inallthesefoursoundcombinationsdiffersslightly。
The[l]in[li:
f],occurringbeforeavowel,iscalledadear[l],andnodiacriticisneededtoindicateit;the[1]in[fi:
l]and[bild],occurringattheendofawordorbeforeanotherconsonant,ispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]asin“leaf”.Itiscalleddark[?
]andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[?
]isusedtoindicateit.Theninthesoundcombination[helθ],thesound[l]isfollowedbytheEnglishdentalsound[θ],itspronunciationissomewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit。
Itisthuscalledadental[l],andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[、]isusedtoindicateit.Itistranscribedas[helθ]。
Anotherexampleistheconsonant[p].Weallknowthat[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwowordspitandspit。
Inthewordpit,thesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofair,butinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpit,the[p]soundissaidtobeaspiratedandinthecaseofspit,the[p]soundisunaspirated。
Thisdifferenceisnotshowninbroadtranscription,butinnarrowtranscription,asmallraised“h”isusedtoshowaspiration,thuspitistranscribedas[ph?
t]andspitistranscribedas[sp?
t]。
4.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?
答:
Englishcons
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