外研社版必修4课文.docx
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外研社版必修4课文.docx
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外研社版必修4课文
外研社版必修4课文
必修4Module1LifeintheFutureTheCityoftheFutureWhatwillthecityofthefuturelooklike?
Nooneknowsforsure,andmakingpredictionsisariskybusiness.Butonethingiscertaintheyaregoingtogetbiggerbeforetheygetsmaller.Inthefuture,carefortheenvironmentwillbecomeveryimportantasearthsnaturalresourcesrunout.Wewilluselotsofrecycledmaterials,suchasplastic,aluminum,steel,glass,woodandpaper,andwewillwastefewernaturalresources.Wewillalsohavetorelymoreonalternativeenergy,suchassolarandwindpower.Allthisseemscertain,butthereareplentyofthingsaboutcitylifeinthefuturewhicharenotcertain.Tofindoutwhatyoungpeoplethinkaboutthefutureofurbanlife,ateacheratauniversityinTexasintheUnitedStatesaskedhisstudentstothinkhowtheywouldrunacityof50,000peopleintheyear2025.Herearesomeoftheideastheyhad:
GarbageshipsTogetridofgarbageproblems,thecitywillloadhugespaceshipswithwastematerialsandsendthemtowardsthesun,preventinglandfillandenvironmentalproblems.BatmanNetsPolicewillarrestcriminalsbyfiringnetsinsteadofguns.ForgetsmokingNosmokingwillbeallowedwithinafuturecityslimits.Smokingwillbepossibleonlyoutsidecities,andoutdoors.ForgetthemallsInthefutureallshoppingwillbedoneonline,andcatalogueswillhavevoicecommandstoplaceorders.TelephonesforlifeEveryonewillbegivenatelephonenumberatbirththatwillneverchangenomatterwheretheylive.RecreationAllformsofrecreation,suchascinemas,bowling,softball,concertsandothers,willbeprovidedfreeofchargebythecity.CarsAllcarswillbepoweredbyelectricity,solarenergyorwind,anditwillbepossibletochangethecolourofcarsattheflickofaswitch.TelesurgeryDistancesurgerywillbecomecommonasdoctorscarryoutoperationsfromthousandsofmilesaway,witheachcityhavingitsowntelesurgeryoutpatientclinic.HolidaysathomeSeniorcitizensandpeoplewithdisabilitieswillbeabletogoanywhereintheworldusinghigh-techcamerasattachedtotheirhead.SpacetravelTravelllinginspacebyordinarycitizenswillbecommon.Eachcitywillhaveitsownspaceport.FamousLastWordsNotallpredictionscometrue.Manyofthemarewrong,andsomeareverywrong.Herearejustafewofthebadpredictionspeoplemadeinthetwentiethcenturyaboutthetwenty-firstcentury:
AIRPLANESNoflyingmachinewilleverflyfromNewYorktoParis.OrvilleWright,1908.COMPUTERSIthinkthereisaworldmarketformaybefivecomputersThomasWatson,chairmanofIBM,1943CLOTHESThirtyyearsfromnowpeoplewillbewearingclothesmadeofpaperwhichtheywillbeabletothrowawayafterwearingthemtwoorthreetimes.ChangingTimesMagazine,1957MENONTHEMOONWiththefirstmooncoloniespredictedforthe1970s,workisnowinprogressonthetypesofbuildingrequiredformentostayinwhentheyreonthemoon.ArnoldB,BarachinTheChangestoCome,1962.THEBEATLESWedontliketheirsound,andguitarmusicisonthewayout.DeccaRecordingCo.rejectingtheBeatles,1962.ROBOTSINTHEHOUSEBytheyear2019,housewiveswillprobablyhavearobotshapedlikeaboxwithonelargeeyeonthetop,severalarmsandhands,andlongnarrowpadsonthesideformovingabout.NewYorkTimes,1966KEYSBythemid-1980snoonewilleverneedtohideakeyunderthedoormatagain,becausetherewontbeanykeys.ComputerscientistChristopherEvans,TheMicroMillennium,1979.Module2TrafficJamGettingAroundinBeijingTaxisTaxisareonthestreets24hoursaday.Simplyraiseyourhand,andataxiappearsinnotime.Theyareusuallyred,andtheydisplaythepriceperkilometeronthewindow.Youshouldcheckthecabhasabusinesspermit,andmakesureyouaskforareceipt.BusesandtrolleybusesPublictransportprovidesacheapwaytogetaroundinBeijing.Thereare20,000busesandtrolleybusesinBeijing,buttheycangetverycrowded.Itsagoodideatoavoidpublictransportduringtherushhour(6:
30am8:
00amand5:
00pm6:
30pm).Faresarecheap,startingat1yuan.Air-conditionedbusescostmore.Busesnumbered1to100arelimitedtotravelwithinthecitycentre.Highernumbershavedestinationsinthesuburbs.Touristsshouldntmissthe103buswhichoffersoneofthemostimpressiveroutes,pasttheForbiddenCityandtheWhitePagodainBeihaiPark.Ifyougetonadouble-deckerbus,makesureyousitupstairs.Youllhaveagoodviewoftherapidlychangingcity.Mostbusesrunfromabout5:
00amtomidnight.However,thereisalsoanightbusservice,providedbybuseswithanumberinthe200s.MinibusesMinibuseswithseatsfor12passengersofferanalternativetoexpensivetaxisandcrowdedpublictransportinsomeareas.Theyrunregularservicesandfollowthesameroutesaslargepublicbuses.Andinaminibusyoualwaysgetaseateveninrushhours.UndergroundTherearefourundergroundlinesinBeijing,andseverallinesareunderconstruction.Trainsarefastandconvenient,butrushhourscanbeterrible.Aone-waytripcosts3yuan.Stationnamesaremarkedinpinyin.Theundergroundisopenfrom5:
00amto11:
00pm.PedicabsTouristslikethesehuman-pedalledtricycletaxis,buttheycanbeexpensive.Youshouldtalktothedriver,andmakesureyouknowthepricebeforeyoubeginthejourney,forexample,ifitisperperson,singleorreturn.Tricyclesareworthusingifyouwanttoexplorethenarrowalleys(hutong)ofoldBeijing.TheLondonCongestionChargeBeijingisnttheonlycitywithtrafficproblems.Youcangetstuckinatrafficjamanywhereintheworld.Theworstproblemsoccurincitieswhicharegrowingfast,suchasSaoPaoloinBrazilandLagosinNigeria.ButevencitiesindevelopedcountriessuchastheUSsuffer.LosAngeles,whichwasbuiltwiththemotorcarinmind,andisfamousforitssix-lanehighways,isnowtheUSAsmostcongestedcity.InEuropemostcapitalcitieswereplannedandbuiltbeforecars,andcitycentretrafficjamshavebeenpartofdailylifeforalongtime.ThesituationincentralLondon,wheredriversspentfiftypercentoftheirtimeinqueues,becamesobadthatthelocalgovernmentdecidedtodosomethingaboutit.InFebruary2003theMayorofLondon,KenLivingstone,introducedacongestionchargeataxforcarsenteringthecentreofthecity.Theideaissimple:
everycarcomingintothecentrehastopay$5aday.Driverscanpaythechargeatanyof10,000paypointsinthecapitalbefore10pm.Asthecarscomeintothecentre,videocamerasrecordtheirregistrationnumbers,andthesearecheckedwithalistofdriverswhohavepaidthechargeforthatday.Peoplewhodonotpaythechargewillfaceafineof$80.MostLondonersarenothappywiththeidea.TheyagreethatLondonhasatrafficproblem,butthecongestionchargeisexpensive,andlimitstheirfreedomButdoesthecongestionchargework?
Asurveycarriedoutattheendof2003suggestsitdoes.Afteronlysixmonths,trafficcomingintocentralLondonwasreducedbyabout30percent.Morepeopleusedpublictransporttogettowork,andbicyclesweresuddenlyverypopular.Whatsmore,centralLondonshopsdidnotlosebusinesseventhoughtherewerefewercars.Butthereareafewpeoplewhothinkthechargeshouldbemuchhigher,forexamplerichbusinessmenwhoworkinthecitycentreandcaneasilyaffordit.ThiswouldkeepevenmorecarsoutofcentralLondon,andtheroadswouldbenearlyempty.However,therearenoplanstoincreasethecharge.Module3BodyLanguageandNon-verbalCommunicationIfyousaythewordcommunication,mostpeoplethinkofwordsandsentences.Althoughtheseareveryimportant,wecommunicatewithmorethanjustspokenandwrittenwords.Indeed,bodypositionsarepartofwhatwecallbodylanguage.Weseeexamplesofunconsciousbodylanguageveryoften,yetthereisalsolearnedbodylanguage,whichvariesfromculturetoculture.Weuselearnedbodylanguagewhenweareintroducedtostrangers.Likeotheranimals,weareonguarduntilweknowitissafetorelax.Soeveryculturehasdevelopedaformalwaytogreetstrangers,toshowthemwearenotaggressive.Traditionally,EuropeansandAmericansshakehands.Theydothiswiththerighthandthestrongesthandformostpeople.Ifourrighthandisbusygreetingsomeone,itcannotbeholdingaweapon.Sothegestureissaying,Itrustyoulook,Imnotcarryingathreateningweapon.Ifyoushakehandswithsomeone,youshowytrustthem:
weshakehandswhenwemakeadeal.Itmeans,Weagreeandwetrusteachother.GreetingsinAsiancountriesdonotinvolvetouchingtheotherperson,buttheyalwaysinvolvethehands.TraditionallyinChina,whenwegreetsomeone,weputtherighthandovertheleftandbowslightly.Muslimsgiveasalaam,wheretheytouchtheirheart,mouthandforehead.Hindusjointheirhandsandbowtheirheadsinrespect.Inalloftheseexamples,thehandsarebusywiththegreetingandcannotholdaweapon.Eventoday,whensomepeoplehaveveryinformalstylesofgreeting,theystillusetheirhandsasagestureoftrust.Americanyouthsoftengreeteachotherwiththeexpression,Givemefive!
Onepersonthenholdsuphishand,palmoutwardsandfivefingersspread.Theotherpersonraiseshishandandslapstheothersopenhandabovetheheadinahighfive.Nowadays,itisquiteacommongreeting.Bodylanguageisfascinatingforanyonetostudy.Peoplegiveawaymuchmorebytheirgesturesthanbytheirwords.Lookatyourfriendsandfamilyandseeifyouareamindreader!
ClappingWhydoweclap?
Toshowwelikesomething,ofcourse.Butwedontclapattheendofatelevisionprogrammeorabook,howevergoodtheyare.W
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