英美概况跨文化交际Case.docx
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英美概况跨文化交际Case.docx
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英美概况跨文化交际Case
Case1:
AnInterviewinIndiaCaseanalysis:
ThecaseisaboutaninterviewbetweenanAmericanprogramhostandanIndianinterviewee.TheytalkaboutsomeaspectsofIndiancultureandthechangesoccurredtheseyears.Thecasereflectssomebasicculturalelementspeoplemayfindinallcultures:
language,familypattern,marriage,weddingceremony,foodandthewaytoeatfood,etc.Fromthiscase,guidethestudentsinculturestudyandculturecomparison.Thestudentsshouldrealizethattherearebothsimilaritiesanddifferencesinculture.Cultureisinfactverydynamicandpervasive.
Case2:
WhiteDressCaseanalysis:
TheIndianwomenmightthinktheweddingceremonyisafuneraliftheyseethewesternbrideinwhitegown.Thecasereflectsthesimilesandmetaphorsinthetext.
Cultureislikeaniceberg:
wecanidentifythecolorofthedresswornbywomenindifferentcultures,butwedonotknowthevaluesunderneath.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin:
peopleweardressofdifferentcolorsfordifferentcontextbuttheyusuallytakeitforgrantedandneveraskwhy.
Case3:
TheFrenchinNorthAmericaCaseanalysis:
TheFrenchwereabletoseeIndianbehavioronlyinthelightoftheirownhierarchicalsocialsystem,whereitisnaturalforthefewtocommandandthemanytoobey.Socialsystemsthatworkedonotherprincipleswereliterallyunimaginable.
Case4:
Coconut-skatingCaseanalysis:
Thecasereflectsthecharacteristicsofculture.Wecantellfromthecasethatcultureispervasiveandit‘slearned.
Peoplemayinventdifferentwaysforthingsevenassimpleastheissueoffloormoping.ThePhilippinewomanmusthavelearnedthiswayofmoppingfromherownculture.
Case5:
ABlackGirl’sIdentityCaseanalysis:
Althoughwemaysaythatidentitiesareconstitutedbyourcommunication,itisobviousfromthecasethatwecannotsimplychooseatanymomentwhatouridentitywillberegardlessofthecontext.First,weoftendonotsharetherecipeforcertainidentitieswithothersevenifwebelongtothesameethnicity,gender,ornationality.Understandingthiscanhelpusavoidsomeofthebroadassumptionsmadeaboutgroupsofpeoplebasedonthereflectivewayofthinking.Second,aswelearnedintheveryfirstchapter,allmeaningincommunicationistosomeextentsituational.Thus,thecontextmediateswhatidentitieswecanchoose.Sometimesthingsonemayhavenocontrolover,suchasageorskincolor,areseenasessentialpartsofhowonecommunicatesanidentity.
Case6
Hippies
Caseanalysis:
Hippiescouldbedefinedasasubgroup,asthehippiesculturetendstobetemporary.
InmodernAmericansociety,hippiesculturecouldalsofindtraits,butithaswidespreadinfluenceonAmericanvaluesystem.
Case7
CleanuptheBathroom!
Caseanalysis:
Culturaldifferencesdecidethetwostudentsaregoingtocommunicateindifferentways.
TheChinesestudentwantstheAmericanstudenttounderstandtheunderlyingmeansofhiswords,buttheAmericanstudentisusedtothedirectstyleofcommunication.Thisisdecidedbyculture.InChineseculture,peoplewanttosavefaceofboththemselvesandothers,sotheywouldnotexpresstheirideasdirectly.However,intheUnitedStates,unlessyouexpressyourselfclearlyanddirectly,theotherscannotunderstandyou.
Case8:
SheHasThreeHands
ThiscasecanreflectthedifferentcommunicationstylesbetweenChineseandCanadians.Inwesterncultures,communicationisthemeansoftransmittingideas.Westernpeopleusuallycommunicatedirectlywitheachother.
ThatiswhytheCanadianinthiscasesayswhatisinhisminddirectlyinfrontoftheChinesewomanwithouthidinganything.WhileChineseculturestressesharmonyandemphasizestherelationshipsbetweenthecommunicators.Chinesepeopleviewcommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.SotheChinesewomaninthiscasetriesnottoarguewiththeCanadianfacetofacetokeepthe“harmoniousrelationship”betweenthem.
Case9:
APieceofCake
Thiscasewantsustorecognizesomecomponentsofcommunication.Sender/sourcereferstothepersonwhotransmitsamessage.Receiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.Contextreferstoasettingorsituationwithinwhichcommunicationtakesplace.Inthiscase,MarilynandRichardaresimultaneouslythesendersandreceivers.Andtheirroom,wherethecommunicationeventhappensandwhichmakesthecouplefeelcomfortableandrelaxed,isjustthecontext.
Case10:
ThePlacetoHaveLunch
Thiscasereflectsthatcommunicationiscontextual,whichmeansthatcommunicationdoesnothappeninisolationanditmusthappenwithinasettingorcontext.Whetherthiscontextisquietornoisyisimportanttothesmoothnessofcommunication.Whenthecommunicationeventisdisturbedbynoise,thecommunicationcannotgosmoothly.Inthiscase,
Case11:
MakinganAppointment
Thiscasecanreflecthowcultureaffectsitscommunicationstyle.Eachcultureencouragesaparticularcommunicationstyleexpectedwithinit.Thisimpliesnotonlyusingcorrectsymbols,butalsoapplyingtheappropriatecommunicationstylefortheoccasion.Communicationstylesincludemannerisms,phrases,rituals,andcommunicationcustomsappropriateforvarioussituationsinaculture.Inthiscase,knowingthecommunicationstyleoftheAmericanswhichischaracterizedbydirect,exactingandinstrumental,theexportermanagerfulfillshisjobsuccessfully.
Case12:
WhyDon’tYouEatthePizza?
Thiscasecanreflecttheproblemsappearingduringinterculturalcommunicationandhowignoringculturaldifferencescanaffectcommunication.
InMalaysia,wheremostpeopleareMuslims,peoplethinkthelefthandisusedonlyforcleaningthebodyandthusitisdirtyandcannotbeusedtopassfood.Knowingnothingabouttheculturaldifference,theAmericanstudentputshimselfinanembarrassingsituation.
Case13:
WeandThey?
Thiscasereflectsthatininterculturalcommunication,peoplealwaysregardthemselvesasthebestgroupintheworld.Thisisactuallyinappropriateandshouldbeavoided.
Case14:
PerceptionofWar
Thiscasecanreflectdifferentculturescangivedifferentinfluencesonhumanperception.
Peoplecanhaveverydifferentperceptionsevenonthesameobjectorphenomenonbecausetheyhavedifferentculturesandarelivinginthedifferentsocialrealities.Inthiscase,JimandOlgahaveverydifferentattitudesandperceptionstowardshistoricaleventsbecausetheirnations’differentexperiencesandhistories.
Case15:
ObservationsonaSoldier
Thiscasecanreflectthebasicmodelofhumanperception.Humanbeingisequippedtosensetheoutsidestimuliandperceivetheoutsideworld.Andtheperceptionfollowsacertainmodel—afterbeinggainedthroughthefivebasicsenses,informationisprocessedthroughselection,organizationandinterpretation.Inthiscase,SherlockHolmesandMycroftdidobservationsonthesoldieraccordingtothebasicmodelofhumanperception.Theyselectedsomeusefulinformationwhichtheygainedfromoutsideworldthroughtheirfivebasicsenses,organizeditinareasonablelogicandthenattachedmeaningstoit.
Case16:
DifferentResponsestoNoise
Thiscasecanreflectdifferentculturecangivedifferentinfluencesonhumansensation.
Notwoofpeoplecanassumethattheirsensationsarethesame,especiallywhentheycomefromdifferentcultures.
Differentsocialrealityandlivingconditionscanequipthemwithdifferentwaytosensetheworld.Soitisverycommonforthemtohavetotallydifferentsensationseventowardsthesamecondition.
Inthiscase,theGermanprofessorandJapaneseprofessorhaveverydifferentresponsetothenoiseproducedbythesamemotorfortheheatingsystembecauseoftheirculturesandlivinghabits.
Case17:
WhatIsBlack?
Thiscasecanreflectwehavesomebarrierstoaccurateperceptionininterculturalcommunication.
Wehavetheabilitytoperceivetheoutsideworld,butwecannotalwaysgettheaccurateperceptions,especiallywhenwedotheperceptiononothercultures,weoftengivetheinaccurateandnegativeperceptions.Inthiscase,ondiscussingtheimpersonalcolor“black”,wegivesomanybadandnegativemeaningswhileblackpupilscangivesomeobjectivedescriptionsandassociationsaboutthecolor.Thebarrierscanincludeignoringdetails,over-generalizing,holdingontopreconceptionsandstereotypesimposingconsistency,preconnectingcausesandeffects,preferringsimpleexplanations,ignoringcircumstances,creditingirrelevantinformationandfocusingonthenegative.
Case18:
ArePerceptionsAlwaysRight?
Thiscasecanreflectourperceptionsonoutsideworldarenotalwaysright,especiallywhenwedoperceptionsonothercultures.Weusuallyperceiveothersaccordingtoourownculture.
Thiscanleadtoineffectiveinterculturalcommunication.InthiscasePatandChrisgaveinaccurateandnegativeperceptionsonAkiraandMichikojustbecauseoftheirirresponsiblejudgmentandtheyalsogavecompletelypositiveperceptionsonMariejustbecauseoftheirsimpleexpectations.Inordertoavoidtheinaccurateperceptions,weneedsomeskills,includingincreaseyourunderstandingoftheperceptualprocess;increaseyourobservationalacuity;recognizetheelementstowhichyouattributemeaning;checkyourperceptions;increaseyourAwarenessofperceptualinaccuraciesandcompensateforthem;increaseyourawarenessofothers’perceptionsofyou;anddevelopsocialdecentering,empathy,andother-orientation.
Case20:
ChineseHospitality—Overdone
Thiscasereflectsthatsometimespeopleunconsciouslyassumethatpeoplefromanotherculturemaybehavein
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