文化冲击 2.docx

文化冲击 2.docx

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文化冲击2

文化冲击，又叫文化震惊、文化休克。

（英语：

cultureshock），是指一个人或者一个组织身处不同国家的文化或不一样的环境中而经受的一种困惑、焦虑的状况，未必会产生严重后果。

该辞在1954年由KalervoOberg首先提出。

MichaelWinkelman等其他学者随后展开了对文化冲击的研究工作。

文化冲击的研究领域是跨文化交际。

最近有研究者宣称，文化冲击对跨文化旅居者的确有许多正面影响，如提升自信[1]与自我激励[2]等。

文化冲击主要有三个阶段。

蜜月期在这个阶段，体验者通常有游客一样的心境---情绪激动兴奋，看到任何事物都很好奇，就算遇到文化差异也以积极的眼光看待。

对于异国风情有着罗曼蒂克的幻想。

这种心态更加会因为当地导游，学校，公司或者访问机构初期的热情招待而产生。

矛盾/挣扎/隔离期在这个阶段，体验者开始逐渐意识到生活在异国的不便---主要体现在对于语言，交通，购物，饮食等等日常生活的小细节上。

因此体验者会在心理上受挫败感。

对于“新家”和“旧家”都有说不清的矛盾心态。

对于新家，体验者有着排斥和冷眼相待的心态。

比如说，总是刻意扭曲当地人的行为和语言，潜意识的对当地人产生种族偏见。

对于“旧家”，也因为有种报喜不报忧的心态，以至于与之前的关系网络脱节。

在这个阶段，体验者容易抑郁。

例如，留学生在异国他乡时，可能会：

∙极度地思念家乡。

∙竭力地躲开那些自己不适应的公众场合。

∙身体不适，睡眠不安。

∙精神压抑，感觉无助。

∙对他国文化抱有敌对情绪。

如不喜欢、不习惯他国礼仪（如礼节性拥抱）。

适应/融入期[编辑]

经历了低潮一般的挣扎期，体验者开始逐渐接受了新环境和新的思维方式。

他/她可以意识到其实人都是社会的产物所以当他站在一个新的文化和历史的视角看问题，穿着当地人的鞋走当地的路时，他/她对于在第二阶段产生的偏见逐渐消除。

同时，语言的进步，人际关系的加强也会让受到文化冲击的体验者更加自信起来。

最后，体验者能够为“新家”作贡献也被“新家”的成员所接受。

这样就开始了建立新生活的良好周期。

大部分人在这个阶段自我定义为多元化人因为他们能够同时从多个文化背景出发看待，解释和处理问题。

CultureshockAconditionofconfusionandanxietyaffectingapersonsuddenlyexposedtoanaliencultureormilieu.

cultureshock

（Sociology）Sociolthefeelingsofisolation,rejection,etc.,experiencedwhenonecultureisbroughtintosuddencontactwithanother,aswhenaprimitivetribeisconfrontedbymoderncivilization

cul′tureshock`

n.astateofbewildermentanddistressexperiencedbyanindividualwhoisexposedtoanew,strange,orforeignculture.

cultureshock-aconditionofdisorientationaffectingsomeonewhoissuddenlyexposedtoanunfamiliarcultureorwayoflifeorsetofattitudes

disorientation-confusion（usuallytransient）aboutwhereyouareandhowtoproceed;uncertaintyastodirection;"hisdisorientationwastheresultofinattention"CultureShockisatermwhichdescribestheindividualdisorientationapersonmayexperiencewhentheytraveltoanewcountry,andthewayoflifeisdifferentfromwhattheyknow.

WhatIsIt?

Cultureshockisn'taclinicaltermormedicalcondition.It'ssimplyacommonwaytodescribetheconfusingandnervousfeelingsapersonmayhaveafterleavingafamiliarculturetoliveinanewanddifferentculture.Whenyoumovetoanewplace,you'reboundtofacealotofchanges.Thatcanbeexcitingandstimulating,butitcanalsobeoverwhelming.Youmayfeelsad,anxious,frustrated,andwanttogohome.

It'snaturaltohavedifficultyadjustingtoanewculture.Peoplefromothercultures（whomyou'llbehangingoutwithandgoingtoschoolwith）mayhavegrownupwithvaluesandbeliefsthatdifferfromyours.Becauseofthesedifferences,thethingstheytalkabout,thewaystheyexpressthemselves,andtheimportanceofvariousideasmaybeverydifferentfromwhatyouareusedto.Butthegoodnewsisthatcultureshockistemporary.

WhatCausesCultureShock?

Tounderstandcultureshock,ithelpstounderstandwhatcultureis.Youmayknowthatgenesdetermineabigpartofhowyoulookandact.Whatyoumightnotknowisthatyourenvironment—yoursurroundings—hasabigeffectonyourappearanceandbehavioraswell.

Yourenvironmentisn'tjusttheairyoubreatheandthefoodyoueat,though;abigpartofyourenvironmentisculture.Cultureismadeupofthecommonthingsthatmembersofacommunitylearnfromfamily,friends,media,literature,andevenstrangers.Thesearethethingsthatinfluencehowtheylook,actandcommunicate.Often,youdon'tevenknowyou'relearningthesethingsbecausetheybecomesecond-naturetoyou—forinstance,thewayyoushakehandswithsomeonewhenmeetingthem,whenyoueatyourmealseachday,thekindofthingsyoufindfunny,orhowyouviewreligion.

Whenyougotoanewplace,suchasanewcountryorevenanewcity,youoftenenteraculturethatisdifferentfromtheoneyouleft.Sometimesyourcultureandthenewculturearesimilar.Othertimes,theycanbeverydifferent,andevencontradictory.Whatmightbeperfectlynormalinoneculture—forinstance,spendinghourseatingamealwithyourfamily—mightbeunusualinaculturethatvaluesamorefast-pacedlifestyle.

Thedifferencesbetweenculturescanmakeitverydifficulttoadjusttothenewsurroundings.Youmayencounterunfamiliarclothes,weather,andfoodaswellasdifferentpeople,schools,andvalues.Youmayfindyourselfstrugglingtodothingsinyournewsurroundingsthatwereeasybackhome.Dealingwiththedifferencescanbeveryunsettling;thosefeelingsarepartadjustingtoanewcutural.

HowDoesItFeel?

Oneperson'sadjustmenttoanewcultureisnotnecessarilylikeanother's.Insomesituations,peopleareexcitedabouttheirmove.Thoughtheymayfeelalittlesadaboutleavingimportantpeopleandplacesbehind,theythinkofthemoveasanewadventure,orthey'veheardgreatthingsabouttheplacethatwillbecometheirnewhome.Somepeoplestaythisway.Butdifficultiesadjustingoftendon'tshowuprightaway.Insomepeople,theexcitementgiveswaytofrustrationastimegoesonandtheystillhavetroubleunderstandingtheirnewsurroundings.

Ontheotherhand,therearepeoplewhoneverwantedtomoveinthefirstplace.Theirfrustrationstartsthedaytheyrealizethattheyhavetomovetoanewplace,whenthey'reperfectlyhappywheretheyare.Itcontinuesastheyfindoutjusthowunfamiliartheirnewhomeis.

Thoughpeopleexperiencecultureshockindifferentways,thesefeelingsarecommon:

∙notwantingtobearoundpeoplewhoaredifferentfromyou

∙sadness

∙loneliness

∙anxiety

∙troubleconcentrating

∙feelingleftoutormisunderstood

∙developingnegativeandsimplisticviewsofthenewculture

∙frustration

∙extremehomesickness

Thesedifficultfeelingsmaytemptyoutoisolateyourselffromyournewsurroundingsanddismissthenewculture.It'sbestnottowithdrawlikethis.Ifyoustaycalm,observeandlearn,andkeepthingsinperspective,you'llprobablyfindthatyourdifficultieswillpass.Butifyou'refeelingdepressedandyouaren'tabletofunctionnormallyevenafterthefirstfewmonthsinyournewenvironment,youshouldtalktoaparentortrustedadultaboutwhethertoseekhelpfromaphysicianormentalhealthprofessional.

Sohowdoyoudealwiththefrustrationandfearsyoumaybehaving?

Howcanyoubegintofeelcomfortableinyournewsurroundings?

LearningtheLanguage

Dependingonwhereyoucomefromandwhereyouarenow,youmayormaynothavetroublewiththenativelanguage.It'sagoodideatobecomecomfortablewiththelanguageassoonasyoucan.Notbeingabletounderstandwhatpeoplearesayingisalmostasfrustratingasnotknowinghowtomakepeopleunderstandwhatyouaresaying.

Lotsofgoodresourcesarearoundtohelpyoupractice.Manyschoolswithagoodnumberofstudentsnewtothecountryhavelanguageclasses.Ifyourschooldoesn'tofferone,checkoutsomeofthecommunitycentersandlibrariesinyourarea.Inaddition,booksmakegoodresourcestoo,andevensomewebsites.

Whatevermethodyouchoose,practiceisreallyimportant.Alotofpeopleareworriedaboutspeakingalanguagetheyaren'tcompletelycomfortablewithandthinkthatpeoplewhospeakthelanguagewellwillteasethemwhentheystumbleoverwords.Thismighttemptyoutopracticethelanguagewithsomeonewhoisatthesamecomfortlevelasyou,butit'salsoimportanttopracticewithpeoplewhohavemasteredthelanguage,sothatyouknowwhenyoumakeamistakeandlearnfromit.

Itmightmakeyouuncomfortablewhenittakesyoutwiceaslongtosaythesamethingasanativespeaker,orusethewrongword,butrememberthatyouhavenothingtobeashamedof.

Evenifyou'refamiliarwiththenewlanguagespokenaroundyou,chancesareyoudon'tknowalotoftheslang—casualspeechthatdoesn'tmakeitintotranslationdictionaries（ormostdictionaries,forthatmatter）.Thisisoneofthemanyreasonswhyit'sagoodideatodosomestudyingonthecultureyouareimmersedin.

KnowingWhattoExpect

Alotoftheanxietythatcomeswithmovingtoanewplacehastodowithnotknowingwhattoexpectinyournewenvironment.Learningthingsaboutyournewenvironmentwillhelpyoubecomemorecomfortable.

Schoolisagreatplacetodothis.Watchandlearnfromthepeoplearoundyou—seehowthestudentsinteractwithteachersandeachother.Findoutwhatyourclassmatesdoforfunandwhatkindsofthingsareimportanttothem.

Youcanalsogetsomeinsightfromtelevisionandmovies,butbecareful—noteverythingyouseeonthescreenismeanttoberealistic.Butthesemediadohelpifyou'restilltryingtolearnthelanguageorcatchuponsomeslang,andattheveryleast,giveyousomethingtotalkaboutwhenyou'retryingtomakeanewfriend.

Youdon'thavetoloveeverythingyoufindoutabouttheculture,orstartactingthewaythatothersdo,butwhenyougainknowledgeofwhatpeoplemeanwhentheysaycertainphrasesorwhytheydressacertainway,youdobegintofeelbetter.

CopingWithTeasing

Youraccentmightbedifferentfromeverybodyelse's.Yourclothesmayalsobeverydifferentfromthosearoundyou.Sometimesitcanbereallydifficultbeingdifferent,especiallywhencomparedtotheotherkidsatschool.Butsomepeopleatyourschoolwillwanttogettoknowyoubecauseyourdifferencesseemreallycool.Otherpeople,though,mighttrytogiveyouahardtime.

Someofthepeoplewhomaytrytoteaseyoumightdosobecauseofstereotypes.Stereotypesaresimplifiedideas,oftenexaggeratedordistortedinanegativeway,thatonegroupofpeopleholdsaboutanother.Anexampleofastereotypewouldbeeveryonewithcurlyhairislazy.Likethisexample,stereotypesareoftenwrong,andtheycanbehurtful.

Ifsomeoneharassesyou,walkaway—don'tgivethepersonthesatisfactionofseeingthathisorhercommentsbotheryou.Ifyoucan'tsh