Theories General Overview.docx
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Theories General Overview.docx
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TheoriesGeneralOverview
Liberalism自由主义
Locke,Hume,Payne,Kant,J.S.Mill,Rousseau,andAdamSmith
洛克,休谟,佩恩,康德,穆勒,卢梭,亚当斯密
MainCharacteristics:
主要特点:
Optimistic/idealisticviewofhumannature-improvabilityofMankind-ideascaneffectbehaviour
乐观/理想主义的人性观-可改善的人-思想可以影响行为
Equalityandlibertyoftheindividual(underGod)
平等和个人自由(除上帝之外)
Needtoprotectpeoplefromover-mightyandrepressionstate(King,Ruleretc...)
Individualissourceofmoralvalueandvirtue,notthestatenordivinelyplacedrulers
Humanbeingsarean'end'notjusta'means'(imageofGod)i.e.ethics
Post-1918Liberalidealistsmainbeliefs:
*Humannatureisessentiallygoodandaltruistic
*humanconcernforothers'welfaremakesprogresspossible
*Badhumanbehaviour(violence)iscausedbybadinstitutionsandenvironmentthatencouragethemtoactselfishly
*Warandinternationalanarchyarenotinevitable
*Warisaglobalproblemthatrequirescollectiveeffortstocontrolit
*nationsshouldpursueethicalforeignpoliciesforthebenefitofallpeoples
*Internationalsocietymustreorganiseitselfinordertoeliminateinstitutionsandcircumstancesthatmakewarlikely(encouragespreadofdemocracy)
(adaptedslightlyfromKegley&Wittkopf1999:
25-26)
TheLiberalReformProgramme
*Collectivesecuritythroughinternationalinstitutionse.g.U.N.
*Legalprocesses(mediationandarbitration)tosettledisputese.g.InternationalCourtofJustice
*Armsreductionthroughcontrolanddisarmamentagreements
BasicIdeasbehindliberalthinking
*BrotherhoodofMan;notparochialnationalistloyalties
*Educationtoraiseawarenesstomobiliseworldopinionagainstwar
*Freeinternationaltradeinplaceofeconomicnationalism(protectionism)
*Opencovenantsbetweenstatesinplaceofsecretdiplomacyandpacts
*Abandonmentofbilateralalliancesandpowerbalancesformulti-lateralagreements
PrincipleofSelf-Determination:
theprinciplethatnationalitiesshouldbeabletohavetheirowngovernments;nationalbordersconformtoethnicborders
REALISM(Realpolitik)
Hobbes,Machiavelli,Morgenthau...
MainCharacteristics
Pessimisticviewofhumannature,manisinclinedtoevil(originalsin),aleopardcannotchangeitspots:
'lifeisnasty,brutish,andshort'(Hobbes)
Nationalsurvivalisparamountinahostileenvironment
Statesovereigntyisthecornerstoneofinternationallawandorder
Acquisitionofpowerthroughownendeavourisonlywaytosurvive
HeadsofStatemaydowhateverisnecessarytoadvancethestate'sinterestsandsurvival
Pragmatismrules(moralvaluesaremeaninglessandbetrayweakness)
Thestateshouldbeamoral-itsactionsgovernedbyself-interest
Warisanaturalphenomenon,reflectinginherentaggressioninhumannature(tothinkotherwiseisfoolishself-delusion)
MainAssumptionsandPropositions:
*Peoplearebynaturenarrowlyselfishandethicallyflawed
*Peoplearenaturallyinclinedtolustforpoweranddominateothers
*Humannatureisimmutable;tothinkotherwiseisfoolishlyutopian
*Internationalpoliticsisaperpetualstruggleforpower:
'warofallagainstall'
*Theprimaryobligationofeverystateistopromotethenationalinterest
*Allstatesmustacquiresufficientmilitarymighttodeterothersfromattacking
*Economicsuccessonlyservestopromotemilitarymightandinfluence
*Treatiesmaybeusefulbutalliesshouldneverbetrusted
*Statesshouldneverentrusttheirdefenceandsecuritytointernationalorganisationsorinternationallaw
*Ifallstatesseektomaximisepower,stabilitywillresultfrombalanceofpower
CritiquesofRealism
Contradictionsinthenotionsof'power'and'nationalinterest'
Possiblecontradictionsinthedescriptiveandprescriptiveelementsofrealism:
e.g.doalliancesencouragepeaceorinstability?
doarmspromotenationalsecurityorprovokecostlyarmsracesandwar?
Istheinterestofthestatebestachievedthroughcompetitionorco-operation?
IfMankindisirredeemablybadwhyaretheresomanycollaborativemulti-lateralinstitutionsandorganisationsinexistencebasedonethicalprinciples?
Realismcannotaccountfortheabolitionofslavery.SoRealismreformulated:
NEO-REALISMorSTRUCTURALREALISM
MainpointsofNeo-Realism
Stressestheanarchicnatureofglobalsocietyratherthanintrinsicevilofhumannature.
Nosupranationalorganisationsorinstitutionsbeyondthenationstate.
Capabilitiesofstatesdeterminestheinternational'peckingorder'.Thedistributionofthesecapabilitiesdefinesthestructureoftheinternationalsystem,andshapesrelationshipsbetweenstates.
Statepowerismorallyneutral,itsusegovernedbyinstinctforsurvival.
Theinternationalsystem(basedonpower)controlsandconstrainsstates.
Neo-realismexplainswhyinternationalco-operationissotortuousanddifficult.Itisdirectedbya'whatisinitforme'mindset.
Ifthereisnoapparentandimmediateadvantageforaparticularstateoverothers,itgeneratesdeepsuspicion[e.g.UKinEU]
Ideaofan'ethicalforeignpolicy',isnaive,absurd,andanoxymoron.
NEO-LIBERALISM
Post-ColdWarre-evaluationofliberalism;
linkedto'endofideology'thesis
critiqueofrealismandneo-realism:
realpolitikfailedtopredictthepeacefulendoftheColdWar
Itover-simplifiedtheconceptofpowerandthe'lessonsofhistory'
Itprovidesnoguideforthefutureofinternationalpolitics,andthetacklingofAIDS,environmentaldeterioration,globalwarming,liberalisationofworldtradeandmarkets
Neo-liberalismisbasedonClassicalliberaltheoriesofLocke,Payneetc(individualism,freetrade,minimaliststateetc...)andpostWW1idealism(welfareforthepoorest,co-operationbetweenstates).
Successofthisapproachseeninabolitionofslavery,worldco-operationonpiracy,andunrestrainedexploitationofenvironment(Antarctica,Oceansetc...),telecommunications
Policyofprogressthroughpeaceandprosperityisdemonstrablyvindicated.
Economicintegration:
NAFTA,SEATO;pluspoliticalintegration=EU
ImportantElements:
*Democraticgovernance
*importanceofpublicopinion
*masseducation
*freetrade
*liberalcommercialenterprise
*internationallawandorder
*armscontrolanddisarmament
Progressthroughco-operation.Idealsandideasofliberallegacycandescribe,explain,predict,andprescribeinternationalconduct.
NBParadigmsarenotcohesive-alwaysvariations(liketheology!
)
POST-MODERNISM
FEMINISM
OTHERPERSPECTIVES
Complexinterdependence
InternationalRegimes
ChaosTheory
SocialDeconstructionism
Introduction
Needtoexplaintheworld;paradigm:
a'model'or'essentialpattern':
"fundamentalassumptionsabouttheworldweliveinandthenatureofexistence"
[Caveatemptor:
assessingpasteventswithbenefitofhindsight;readinghistorybackwards.]
TransformingordefiningeventsoftheC20thare:
WWI;WW2;andColdWar
Twomostcommonapproaches(amongstmany):
LiberalismandRealism
Liberalism
Locke,Hume,Payne,Kant,J.S.Mill,Rousseau,andAdamSmith
MainCharacteristics:
Optimistic/idealisticviewofhumannature-improvabilityofMankind-ideascaneffectbehaviour
Equalityandlibertyoftheindividual(underGod)
Needtoprotectpeoplefromover-mightyandrepressionstate(King,Ruleretc...)
Individualissourceofmoralvalueandvirtue,notthestatenordivinelyplacedrulers
Humanbeingsarean'end'notjusta'means'(imageofGod)i.e.ethics
Post-1918Liberalidealistsmainbeliefs:
*Humannatureisessentiallygoodandaltruistic
*humanconcernforothers'welfaremakesprogresspossible
*Badhumanbehaviour(violence)iscausedbybadinstitutionsandenvironmentthatencouragethemtoactselfishly
*Warandinternationalanarchyarenotinevitable
*Warisaglobalproblemthatrequirescollectiveeffortstocontrolit
*nationsshouldpursueethicalforeignpoliciesforthebenefitofallpeoples
*Internationalsocietymustreorganiseitselfinordertoeliminateinstitutionsandcircumstancesthatmakewarlikely(encouragespreadofdemocracy)
(adaptedslightlyfromKegley&Wittkopf1999:
25-26)
TheLiberalReformProgramme
*Collectivesecuritythroughinternationalinstitutionse.g.U.N.
*Legalprocesses(mediationandarbitration)tosettledisputese.g.InternationalCourtofJustice
*Armsreductionthroughcontrolanddisarmamentagreements
BasicIdeasbehindliberalthinking
*BrotherhoodofMan;notparochialnationalistloyalties
*Educationtoraiseawarenesstomobiliseworldopinionagainstwar
*Freeinternationaltradeinplaceofeconomicnationalism(protectionism)
*Opencovenantsbetweenstatesinplaceofsecretdiplomacyandpacts
*Abandonmentofbilateralalliancesandpowerbalancesformulti-lateralagreements
PrincipleofSelf-Determination:
theprinciplethatnationalitiesshouldbeabletohavetheirowngovernments;nationalbordersconformtoethnicborders
REALISM(Realpolitik)
Hobbes,Machiavelli,Morgenthau...
MainCharacteristics
Pessimisticviewofhumannature,manisinclinedtoevil(originalsin),aleopardcannotchangeitspots:
'lifeisnasty,brutish,andshort'(Hobbes)
Nationalsurvivalisparamountinahostileenvironment
Statesovereigntyisthecornerstoneofinternationallawandorder
Acquisitionofpowerthroughownendeavourisonlywaytosurvive
HeadsofStatemaydowhateverisnecessarytoadvancethestate'sinterestsandsurvival
Pragmatismrules(moralvaluesaremeaninglessandbetrayweakness)
Thestateshouldbeamoral-itsactionsgovernedbyself-interest
Warisanaturalphenomenon,reflectinginherentaggressioninhumannature(tothinkotherwiseisfoolishself-delusion)
MainAssumptionsandPropositions:
*People
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