附录一 外文文献.docx
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附录一 外文文献.docx
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附录一外文文献
2012,24(6):
914-924
DOI:
10.1016/S1001-6058(11)60319-3
RESERVOIRSEDIMENTATIONANDTRANSFORMATIONOFMORPHO-LOGYINTHELOWERYELLOWRIVERDURING10YEAR’SINITIALOPERATIONOFTHEXIAOLANGDIRESERVOIR*
CHENJian-guo
InternationalResearchandTrainingCenteronErosionandSedimentation(IRTCRS),Beijing100048,China,
E-mail:
chenjg@
ZHOUWen-hao,CHENQiang
ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearch(IWHR),Beijing100048,China
(ReceivedJune1,2012,RevisedJuly14,2012)
Abstract:
TheXiaolangdiHydro-ProjectisoneofthelargeprojectsonthemainstemoftheMiddleYellowRiver.Ithasbeenoperatedformorethan10years,sinceitsimpoundmentinOctober,1999.Thereservoirhastrapped2.833×109m3ofsediment,andcausedthetotalerosionof1.891×109tintheLowerYellowRiverfromOctober,1999throughOctober,2010.NotonlytheseriousatrophiedsituationoftheLowerYellowRiver(LYR)hasbeenresuscitating,butalsomanynewphenomenaofsedimenttransportandbehaviorsofchannelre-establishingarecomingintobeing.Theyareillustratedanddiscussedindetailinthispaper.
Keywords:
reservoirsedimentation,densitycurrent,water-sedimentregulation,artificialflood,channelsiltationanderosion,erosionefficiency,riverconfiguration
Introduction
TheLowerYellowRiver(LYR)carryinganenormousamountofsedimentisnotoriousforitsseriousdeposition.Ithasachannelcomposedoffinebedmaterialscharacterizedbyeasyerosion,easysiltationandhighspeedofmorphologychanges.Ithassufferedtworemarkablechannelerosionprocessesinrecent50years.Thefirstcontinuouserosionalongtheriverhappenedduring1960-1964whentheSanmenxiaReservoir(SMX)wasimpounded[1].Aftertworeconstructionoperationsofthereservoir,duetoitsseriousdeposition,theLYRreturnedtothestateofseveresiltation.Especially,underthedeterioratedclimatconditions,therapidincreasesofwatersupply,andotherhumanactivities,theincomingrunoffoftheriverwasdramaticallyreduced,thedepositioninthemainchanneloftheLYRwasseriouslyincreased,andtheflood-conveyingcapacitywasamazinglydeclined,thusthesafetyagainstfloodalongtheLYRbecameachallengingissue.Facedwiththeseseveresituations,theXiaolangdiHydro-Projectwasforcedtobeconstructed.Sincetheimpoundmentofthereservoir,thechanneloftheentireLYRhassufferedasecondcontinuouserosion,andthenitsvigoroffloodconveyance,watersupply,andeco-environmenthasbeengraduallyrecovered.Meanwhile,aseriesofnewphenomenaofreservoirsedimentationandchannelreestablishingoftheLYRhavecomeintobeing,suchasthepatternsofreservoirdeposition,theformationandthetransportofdensitycurrent,thecharacteristicsandtheefficienciesoferosionintheLYR,theimpactsofbedsedimentarmouring,therelationshipbetweenreservoirdepositionandriverchannelerosion,andthecompensationindexofreservoirdeposition.Allofthemhaveenrichedtheconnotationsofthescienceoffluvialprocessesfortheriverswithhighsedimentconcentrationsafterthefoundingoflargehydroprojects.
1.TheXiaolangdireservoir
1.1Outlines
TheXiaolangdiHydro-Projectissituated130kmdownstreamtheSMXProject(Fig.1).Itcontrolsacatchmentareaof0.694×106km2,95.1%ofthetotalaboveHuayuankouStation.Themainobjectivesoftheprojectincludethefloodprevention,thesiltationmitigation,theirrigationandthewatersuppliesfortheLYRareasandthepowergeneration.Itconsistsofadamwiththemaximumheightof173m,andareservoirwithatotalcapacityof12.5×109m3:
tillOctober,2010,thetotaldepositionreached2.833×109m3[2],about22.7%ofthetotalvolumeofthereservoir.
Fig.1Locationsoflargehydro-projectsontheYellowRiver
Asanordinaryreservoir[3],theXiaolangdiReservoiroperatesinahigherwaterlevelinthenon-floodperiod(fromNovembertoJunenextyear)andinalowerwaterlevelinthefloodseason(fromJulytoOctober).
Aspecialoperationmodenamedthe“water-sedimentregulation”wascreatedanddevelopedforthereservoirafteraseriesoffieldexperiments.ThebasicideaofthemodeistomakeafullplayforthesedimentcarryingcapacityoftheflowintheLYR,whichisdirectlyproportionaltothehighpowerofthedischargethroughtheriver.Sothewaterstoredinthereservoirmustbereleasedintheformofthefoodpeak,soastoscourandtransportmoresedimentmaterialsfromtheLYRintothesea.Thismodecanalsomitigatethereservoirdepositionandadjustthepositionofthedeposition.Theybotharebeneficialtothekeepingoftheeffectivevolumeofthereservoir.
Thisspecialoperationmodeconsistsoftwostages.Inthefirststage,duetotheneedsofthefloodcontrol,thereservoirvolumeabovethelimitedwaterl
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