B1U10.docx
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B1U10.docx
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B1U10
B1U10
Mandela’sGarden
IIntroduction
1Background
1.NelsonMandela(1918-)
NelsonMandelahaslongbeenlegendaryfigure.Hisstruggleagainstapartheid(racialsegregation)inSouthAfrica,andhistwenty-seven-year-longimprisonmentmadehimasymbolofpoliticalcourage.Thepresenttextistakenfromhisautobiography:
LongWalktoFreedom:
TheAutobiographyofNelsonMandela.Tohelpstudentsunderstandthetextbetter,itisnecessarytogivehimafullerintroduction,includingthefactsthathewontheNobelPeacePrizejointlywithF.W.deKlerkin1993,andbecamethefirstblackpresidentofSouthAfricain1994thathereadilysteppeddownfromhispostandgavehispowertohissuccessor,andthathestillhastremendousinfluenceinAfricaasawholeaswellasinhisowncountry.ItshouldalsobebrieflymentionedthathismarriagewithWinnieendedinseparation(1992)anddivorce(1996),supposedlyforpoliticalreasons.
1)Importanteventsinhislife
WasbornonJuly18,1918;
JointlyestablishedtheAfricanNationalCongressYouthLeague(ANCYL)in1944;
Wasimprisoned(1962-1990);
Wasawarded,withF.W.deKlerk,NobelPeacePrizein1993;
WaselectedthefirstblackpresidentofSouthAfricain1994;
(HeandWinnieMandela)Divorcedin1996
Resignedfromhisofficewithoutseekingasecondtermin1999.
2)Hiselegantstylewriting
Mandelaisverywell-educated.Thelanguageheusedinhisautobiographywasquiteformalandthereforenoteasyforstudentstoimitateatthisstage.Butitisthecompilers’beliefthatstudentsshouldbegintohaveatasteofthestyleofthiskind.Callstudents’attentiontothefollowingfeatures:
Ahappycombinationofabstractandspecificwords
Abstractwords:
liberating,fulfilledsatisfaction,pride,contact,freedom,cultivate,nourish
Specificwords:
tostartagarden,toplant,towatch,toharvest,etc
Theuseofparallelstructures
Onecanfeelfulfilledbywashingone’sclothessothattheyareparticularlyclean,bysweepingahallwaysothatitisemptyofdust,byorganizingone’scell…(para.2)
Toplantaseed,watchitgrow,totenditandthenharvestit,offeredasimplebutenduringsatisfaction.(para.8)
Theuseoffigurativelanguage
Leadersmustalsolookaftertheirgardens;they,too,plantseeds,andthenwatch,cultivate,andharvesttheresult.(metaphors,para.9)
Likegardeners,leadersmusttakeresponsibilityforwhattheycultivate…(simile.para.9)
2.Apartheid
ApartheidisthepolicythewhitegovernmentofSouthAfricafollowedfrom1950totheearly1990s,tokeepthedifferentracesinthecountryseparatefromeachother.Itisapolicyofdiscrimination—racial,political,andeconomic—againstthecountry’snonwhitemajority.Theapartheidlawsclassifiedpeopleaccordingtothreemajorracialgroups—White,Bantu(blackAfricans),andColored(peopleofmixeddescent).LaterAsians,orIndiansandPakistanis,wereaddedasafourthcategory.Thelawsdeterminedwheremembersofeachgroupcouldlive,whatjobstheycouldhold,andwhattypeofeducationtheycouldreceive.Theselawsalsoforbademostsocialcontactbetweenraces,anddeniedanyrepresentationofnonwhitesinthenationalgovernment.
Duringtheyears,blackAfricangroupsinSouthAfricahelddemonstrationsandstrikesagainstapartheid.TheAfricanNotionalCongress(ANC),ledbyNelsonMandela,wasonesuchoppositiongroup.Mandelawasputintoprisonin1964forhisactivities.Undergreatpressurefrombothhomeandabroad,in1990,thenewpresident,F.W.deKlerk,announcedaformalendapartheidandthereleaseofNelsonMandelafromprison.
2Structure
Thistextcanbedividedintothreeparts,whichcanfurtherdividedintoseveralsections.
I.Backgroundinformation:
TheendofmanuallabormadeitpossibleforMandelatostartagardeninprison.(para.1)
II.Mandela’sgardeningexperienceinprison(paras.2-7)
A.Whyhestartedagardeninprison:
gardeningasasurvivalweaponinprison(paras.2-3)
B.Howhestartedagarden(paras.4-7)
1.Howhepreparedtheland:
bydiggingandremovingrocks
2.Whatheplanted,hardyplantsthatdidnotrequirerichsoilormuchcare
3.Whatgardeningexperiencehehadpreviouslyhad:
gardeningasanalternativeforhisintellectualworkatcollege.
4.Howhelearnedgardening:
throughtrialanderror
III.TheinsightsMandelagainedfromthisgardeningexperience(paras.8-11)
A.Hegotasmalltasteoffreedomwhichhelpedhimtosurviveinprison.(paras.8)
B.Hegainednewinsightsintowhatleadershipmeant.(para.9)
C.Hecametorealizethatpersonalrelationshipneededcultivatingandnourishinglikeplants.(paras.10-11)
3TeachingTips
1.Causeandeffectanalysis
Astheselectionlendsitselftocause-effectanalysis,teachersmaytakethisopportunitytohavestudentssummarizethehow,whyandwhatofhisgardeningexperienceinprisonwithemphasisonthecauses(why)andeffects(what).Inthecourseofdoingthis,teachersmayprovideinstructionsonhowtoorganizecauses/effects(eitherfromtheleasttothemostimportantcaused/effectsorviceversa).
2.Discussion
NelsonMandelainmyeyes
WhatdoyouthinkmadeNelsonMandelaapersonheis?
Whatdoyouthinkisthemosteffectivesurvivalweaponforpeopleinlife-or-deathsituation?
Ifyouareaskedtolistthreepeopleyouadmiremost,whowouldyouname?
Why?
IILanguageFocus
1.Keyword
togive
2.Wordformation
suffixes:
ing,ed
3.Idiomsandexpressions
asmuchaspossible
askforpermission
atfirst
atgreatlength
atheart
atthetime
beemptyof
behindbars
driveback
either…or…
fromthebeginningof
givein
giveup
inorderto
neither…nor
providewith
removefrom
spendtimeon
supplywith
takepridein
throughtrialanderror
4.Verb+nouncollocation
announcethedecision
arrangework
burythedead
cultivatetheland
developwaysto
discussissues
eliminatetheweed
growpeanuts
harvesttheresults
lackcare
nourishtherelationship
offersatisfaction/areason
orderbooks
planttomatoes
preparelegaldocuments
pursuehobbies
removerocks
removetheroots
requirecare
savespaceandtime
startagarden
sweepahallway
takeresponsibility
takesatisfactionin
tendthegarden
5.Antonyms
end—beginning
manual—mental/intellectual
legal—illegal
satisfy—dissatisfy
clean—dirty
clear—unclear
possible—impossible
important—unimportant
outside—inside
refuse—permit/allow
narrow—wide/broad
rarely--often
6.Grammar
1)infinitiveassubject,adverbialofpurpose,attributivemodifier,logicalsubjectofinfinitive
2)neither…nor,either…or…
3)asintroducinganadverbialclauseofmanner
IIIDetailedDiscussionoftheText
1.Inearly1977,theauthoritiesannouncedtheendofmanuallaborandarrangedsometypeofworkforustodointhecourtyard,sowecouldspendourdaysinoursection.
theauthorities:
thepeopleororganizationsincharge.Hereitreferstotheprisonauthorities.Otherfrequentlyusedexpressions:
cityauthorities,healthauthorities,policeauthorities,schoolauthorities,licalauthorities,militaryauthorities,British/USauthorities,etc.
announcedtheendofmanuallabor:
(culturalnote)Inthepast,MandelaandotherpoliticalprisonerslockeduponRobbenIslandweremadetoworkinquarry采石场;露天矿场cuttingstones,whichwasveryhardmanuallabor.
sowecouldspendourdaysinoursection:
sowecouldworknearourcellsdoingcomparativelylightwork.“Section”herereferstothepartofprisonwhereMandelaandotherpoliticalprisonerswerekept.
2.Theendofmanuallaborwasliberating.
Thisarrangementnotonlyfreedtheprisonersfromhardmanuallabor,butalsosavedthemlongtripstoandfromthequarrysothattheynowhadtimeandenergyforthingstheywereunabletodointhepast.
liberating:
apresentparticipleusedasanadjective
Comparethepresentparticipleandpastparticipleusedasadjectives:
PresentparticiplePastparticiple
Hefoundtheendofmanuallaborliberating.Hefeltliberated.
IfoundDickens’novelveryinteresting.Iwasinterested.
Thenewswasverydisappointing.Ifeltverydisappointed.
Theresultwasabitsurprising.Everybodywassurprised.
Thewholeexperiencewasexciting.Weallgotexcited.
3.Icouldnowspendtheday…orpreparinglegaldocuments.
Practicetheverbpattern“spendtimedoingsth”byeliciting引出,探出responsestothesequestions:
HowdidMandelaspendhistimeinprison?
HowdidyouspendlastSunday?
Whatdidyoudolastnight?
Whatdoesyourfatherdonowthatheisretired?
Whatdoesasecretarydoinacompany?
preparinglegaldocuments:
ThisshowsthatMandeladidnotaskforalawyer.Hehaddecidedtobehisownlawyer.
4.…topursuewhatbecametwoofmyfavoritehobbiesonRobbenIsland.
pursue:
tocontinuetryingtodoorachievesthoveralongperiodoftime.
egtopursuea(n)career/goal/aim/objective/research/hobby/interest,etc
favorite:
(adj.)bestlikedormostenjoyed
Moreexamples:
Whoisyourfavoritewriter?
Thisismyfavoritesong.
favorite:
(n.)1)sththatyoulikemorethanothersofthesamekind;2)sbwhoislikedandtreatedbetterthanothers
egWouldlikemoreapplepies?
It’syourfavorite.
Hisseconddaughterwashergrandma’sfavorite.
5.Tosurviveinprisononemustdevelopwaystotakesatisfactioninone’sdailylife.
Inordertokeepaliveinprison,youmustdothingsthatyoucandothereandthatcanalsomakeyoufeelhappyinaway.
survive:
tocontinuetoliveafteranaccidentorwar,orfromanillness,orunderextremelyharshconditions
one:
(formal)peopleingeneral,includingyourself,anyperson
Moreexamples:
Greatworksofliteraturemakeonethink.
Oneneve
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