美国文学14章复习资料.docx

美国文学14章复习资料.docx

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美国文学14章复习资料

AmericanLiterature

Chapter1OutlineofAmericanLiterature

1.ColonialPeriod

2.AmericanRomanticism

3.TheAgeofRealism

4.AmericanNaturalism

5.TheModernPeriod

6.ThePost-WarPeriod:

50s&60s

7.AmericanDrama

8.BlackAmericanLiterature

Chapter2ColonialPeriod

vBackgroundinformation

vWritersandworks

NewEngland

vNewEngland'scomposedofsixstates,includingfromnorthtosouth:

Maine缅因州,NewHampshire（新罕布什尔州）,Vermont（佛蒙特州）,Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州）,RhodeIsland（罗德岛州）,Connecticut（康涅狄格州）.

vHistoricalBackground

vAmericanliteraturebeginswiththeorallytransmittedmyths,legends,tales,andlyrics（alwayssongs）ofIndiancultures.----nowrittenliterature

vTheIndian’scontributiontoAmerica

IndianwordsineverydayAmericanEnglishtodaysuchas

“canoe”,“tobacco”,“potato”,

“moccasin”软鞋，鹿皮鞋,

“raccoon”浣熊

“persimmon”柿子

“moose”麋鹿

“tomahawk”战斧

“totem”图腾

vThefamousvoyageofanItalianexplorer,ChristopherColumbusin1492.

vEuropeansettlerscametoAmericancontinent.

vThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatJamestown,Virginiain1607.

v

I.Puritanism

v“Puritans”wasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestants（新教徒，基督教徒）whothoughttheEnglishReformation（英国宗教改革）hadnotgonefarenough.Theywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurch.

vInthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland.

vPuritanismremainedthedominantculturalforceinthatareaintothe19thcentury.

（1）Predestination（天命论）:

Goddecidedeverything

beforethingsoccurred.

（2）Originalsin（罪恶）:

Humanbeingswereborn

tobeevil,andthisoriginalsincanbe

passeddownfromgenerationto

generation.

（3）Totaldepravity（堕落）

（4）Limitedatonement（神人和解）:

Onlythe“elect”

（5）Agroupofgoodqualities–hardwork,thrift,

piety（虔诚）,sobriety（seriousandthoughtful;节

制,清醒）influencedAmericanliterature.

（6）Itledtotheeverlastingmyth（神话）.Allliteratureis

basedonamyth–gardenofEden.

（7）Symbolism:

TheAmericanpuritan’smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionwaschieflyinstrumentalincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.

（8）Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoric（修辞）isplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.

Typesofwriting

vDiaries,histories,journals,letters,travelbooks,autobiographies/biographies,sermons

2.Writersofcolonialperiod

v

（1）AnneBradstreet

v

（2）EdwardTaylor

v（3）RogerWilliams

v（4）JohnWoolman

v（5）BenjaminFranklin

v（6）ThomasPaine

v（7）ThomasJefferson

v（8）PhilipFreneau

II.BenjaminFranklin

BenjaminFranklin,---America's"firstgreatmanofletters,”embodiedtheEnlightenmentidealofhumanrationality.FranklinrecordedhisearlylifeinhisfamousAutobiography.

InmanywaysFranklin'slifeillustratestheimpactoftheEnlightenmentonagiftedindividual.Self-educatedbutwell-readinJohnLocke,JosephAddison,andotherEnlightenmentwriters,Franklinlearnedfromthemtoapplyreasontohisownlifeandtobreakwithtradition----inparticulartheold-fashionedPuritantradition----whenitthreatenedtosmother（闷熄）hisideals.

WhenFranklindiedin1790,oneofhisfellowAmericanssaid,“Hisshadowliesheavierthananyotherman’sonthisyoungnation.”

Asanauthor,Franklin’sstyleisquitemodern,andhisworksshowareturntotheir“plainstyle”.Atthesametime,thereissomething“anti-literary”aboutFranklin.Hehadnolikingforpoetryandfeltthatwritingshouldalwayshaveapracticalpurpose.Inthelanguageofhiswriting,FranklinadmirablyreflectsbothLocke’spsychologyandLocke’spoliticaltheory,andinfluencesotherwritersintheirchoicesoflanguage,subjectmatterandworldview.

BenjaminFranklin-Printer

Attheageoftwelve,hestartedasanapprenticewithhisolderbrotherJames.Attheageoftwenty-two,heopenedhisownprintingshop.Hisnewspaper,thePennsylvaniaGazette[ɡə'zet]becameverypopularandprofitable.Afewyearslater,PoorRichard’sAlmanackwasreleasedandsoonbecamethebestsellingbookinthecolonies,sellingover10,000copiesayear.

Soon,hebecamethemostactiveprinterandwasappointedtheofficialprinterofPennsylvania.

BenjaminFranklin-Librarian

SomefellowprintersandBenjaminFranklin,knownastheLeatherApronClub（becausemostofusworeleatheraprons）startedalendinglibrarythatwasopentoeveryone.Theywouldpool（合伙经营）theirmoneyandbuybooks,whichpeoplecouldborrow.In1731,thefirstlendinglibraryinAmericaopened.Soon,othertownsbegantoimitatethelibrary,untilreadingbecamefashionable.

BenjaminFranklin-Statesman

Duringthefightforindependence,hewassenttoEuropetorepresentthecolonies.In1776,hesignedtheDeclarationofIndependenceand,in1778,theTreatyofAlliancewithFrance.

Whenthecolonistswontheirindependencein1781,FranklinhelpednegotiatethepeacewithEnglandandsignedwhatultimatelybecameknownasTreatyofPeacewithGreatBritain（1782）.

Hisworks

（1）PoorRichard’sAlmanac（《穷人理查德历书》）

（2）Autobiography

Term:

Almanacs

——Apopularformofpracticalliteraturecontainingmuchusefulinformationforfarmersandsailors.

Features:

•Practicalanduseful

•Interestingbycreatingthecharacter“PoorRichard”

•ContinuationofsimplebutrealisticstoryaboutRichard,hiswifeandfamily

•Includingmany“sayings”aboutsavingmoneyandworkinghard

SomeoftheseareknowntomostAmericanstoday:

vGodhelpsthemwhohelpthemselves.

vEarlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.

vOnetodayisworthtwotomorrow.

vDiligenceisthemotherofgoodluck.

Autobiography

ThecapstoneofFranklin’sachievementasawriterishisAutobiography.

Contributions

（1）HehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospitalandtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.

（2）Hewascalled“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfire（electricityinthiscase）fromheaven”.

（3）Everythingseemstomeetinthisoneman–“Jackofalltrades”.HermanMelvillethusdescribedhim“masterofeachandmasteredbynone”.

III.ThomasPaine

——Apamphleteer,afighterforindependenceandhumanrights

“Thesearethetimesthattrymen'ssouls.”

ThissimplequotationfromThomasPaine'sTheCrisisnotonlydescribesthebeginningsoftheAmericanRevolution,butalsothelifeofPainehimself.Throughoutmostofhislife,hewasafailure,livingoffthegratitudeandgenerosityofothers,buthiswritingshelpedtoinspireanation.

Hisworks

vTheCrisis（《危机》）

vCommonSense（《常识》）

vTheRightsofMan（《人权》）

vAgeofReason（《理性时代》）

CommonSense

Publishedin1776,CommonSensechallengedtheauthorityoftheBritishgovernmentandtheroyalmonarchy（君主政治）.TheplainlanguagethatPaineusedspoketothecommonpeopleofAmericaandwasthefirstworktoopenlyaskforindependencefromGreatBritian.

TheCrisis

TheCrisisisacollectionofarticleswrittenbyThomasPaineduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.

TheessayscollectedhereconstitutePaine'son-goingsupportforanindependentandself-governingAmericathroughthemanyseverecrisesoftherevolutionarywar.

ThisworkcontainsthemostfamouspassageinallofPaine’swritings:

“Thesearethetimesthattrymen’ssouls.Thesummersoldierandthesunshinepatriotwill,inthiscrisis,shrinkfromtheserviceofhiscountry；buthethatstandsitNOWdeservestheloveandthanksofmanandwoman.…Tyranny,likeHell,isnoteasilyconquered.”

TheRightsofMen

IndefenseoftheFrenchRevolutionPainewroteandpublishedTheRightsofMan（1791）.

Fourkeyrightsareliberty,property,security,andresistancetooppression.

AgeofReason

TOMYFELLOW-CITIZENSOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA:

   IPUTthefollowingworkunderyourprotection.ItcontainsmyopinionsuponReligion.Youwilldomethejusticetoremember,thatIhavealwaysstrenuouslysupportedtheRightofeveryMantohisownopinion,howeverdifferentthatopinionmightbetomine.Hewhodeniestoanotherthisright,makesaslaveofhimselftohispresentopinion,becauseheprecludeshimselftherightofchangingit. 

   ThemostformidableweaponagainsterrorsofeverykindisReason.Ihaveneverusedanyother,andItrustInevershall.

Youraffectionatefriendandfellow-citizen,

THOMASPAINE

IV.ThomasJefferson（1743----1826）

ThomasJefferson---politicalphilosopher,architect,musician,bookcollector,scientist,horticulturist（园艺家）,diplomat,inventor,andthirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates.Jeffersonlefttothefuturenotonlyideasbutalsoagreatbodyofpracticalachievements.

Withhisstrongbeliefsintherightsofmanandagovernmentderivedfromthepeople,infreedomofreligionandtheseparationbetweenchurchandstate,andineducationavailabletoall,ThomasJeffersonstruckachordforhumanliberty200yearsagothatresoundsthroughthedecades.Butintheend,Jefferson'sownappraisalofhislife,andtheonethathewroteforuseonhisowntombstone,suffices:

"AuthoroftheDeclarationofAmericanIndependence,oftheStatuteofVirginiaforreligiousfreedom,andFatheroftheUniversityofVirginia."

TheDeclarationofIndependence（1776）isatoncethenation’smostcherishedsymboloflibertyandJefferson’smostenduringmonument.Inexaltedandunforgettablephrases,Jeffersonexpressedtheconvictions（信念）inthemindsandheartsoftheAmericanpeopleandsetforthalistofgrievances（抱怨）againsttheKinginordertojustifybeforethewo